فصلنامه شهر پایدار
سال ششم شماره 2 (پیاپی 22، تابستان 1402)

Cities are occupying more and more surface area of the planet every year, and to survive, consume more natural resources, and the other hand their emissions of waste, sewage, and carbon and greenhouse gases are increasing. But can the geographical context of cities be able to load and accept this level of development? Today, Environmental problems are the most important issue in the cities of developing countries, especially in Iran. The main purpose of this study is to introduce sustainability assessment model and policy making of urban spatial structure based on urban carrying capacity. Is the development of the spatial structure of Shiraz as the largest metropolis of the southern half of the country is coincident with regional and extra-regional functions with the geographical carrying capacity and spatial carrying capacity and has led to the development of a sustainable spatial structure or not? It seems that Shiraz is far from the indicators of a sustainable city.

This research is descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method and because the results can be used to improve models and provide solutions in the field of urban development programs, it is a type of applied research. By examining different methods of assessing carrying capacity and by examining and matching the methods of evaluating the concept (urban carrying capacity) with the features and characteristics of the geographical context of Shiraz and also considering this basic concept in geography that places have unique properties. In explaining and selecting indicators and constructive factors, urban carrying capacity was used, and the best evaluation method was selected and compiled in the form of an analysis model according to the conceptual model and the features and characteristics of the spatial structure of Shiraz. After this stage, by field study and perception of the spatial structure of Shiraz and also collecting the required data for each of the indicators and factors of the conceptual model, the Sustainability of the spatial structure of the city was analyzed using Vensim software. In the end, according to the obtained results and using the opinion of experts and experts in urban planning, as well as interventors in the field of services and urban management familiar to the metropolis of Shiraz (including 15 people, 10 of whom have Ph.D. in the fields of urban planning and urban development and urban management, 5 people are senior experts in the these fields; five people are working as university faculty members, and the other ten people are working in the municipality and of Roads and Urban Development administrations) to determine planning priorities and provide the best solution and the solution for the development of the spatial structure of Shiraz in relation to the urban bearing capacity was discussed

The results of the model showed that the current development trend of Shiraz is completely out of urban carrying capacity and is contradict with the principles of sustainable development. To change the current trend, first, the economic policy of job creation was used. The results showed that this policy has the most impact on the model and has led to economic prosperity and increased GDP, but over time and with a delay, it leads to issues such as traffic, pollution, migration, water shortage, green space destruction, housing problems and so on. In order to mitigate these problems, simultaneous implementation of environmental policies will be inevitable. For this purpose, policies were adapted such as strengthening the culture of reducing per capita waste production and encourage the separation of waste from the source, car ownership reduction policies, and increase public transport capacity, increasing the rate of wastewater purification, with development of municipal wastewater collection infrastructure; reducing per capita water demand for green space, by increasing irrigation efficiency supply of water from purified water, reduce per capita household water consumption; completion of the water supply project from Dorodzan dam, in order to increase urban carrying capacity and contribute to the sustainable development of the spatial structure of Shiraz.

This research with an environmental approach and in order to achieve sustainable development in the urban planning process, provided a model to assess the carrying capacity of the urban environment, to be a basis for measuring the sustainable development of the spatial structure of the city. Since achieving an acceptable level of quality of life for citizens is the ultimate goal of urban planning, this quality can not be achieved except by using the resources and capacities of the environmental and the geographical context in which the city is located. If the process of using resources has a logical and principled course, achieving quality of life will be accompanied by sustainable development. On the other hand, if the use of resources and development load is more than the capacity of the environment, environmental sustainability is in danger. Knowing that the development process of the spatial structure of Iranian cities, especially Shiraz, is far from sustainable development patterns, this study tried to make the view of urban development more aware of the carrying capacity of the geographical context of Shiraz. The proposed model can be used as a basis for decision-making process of planning, development and management of Shiraz city, and in preparing development and development plans of the city, as well as strategic development plan of the city, decision-making institutions, including roads and urban planning, the municipality and the city council.

Today, having a happy city has become one of the main reasons for urban management systems, especially in developed countries. Hence, urban planners try to study the impact of urban spaces on residents in order to have a lively and happy city. Because urban environments can strengthen the positive feelings and mental health of citizens. It is as if happiness is a phenomenon that fades with the passage of time in Iran, and this requires attention to the discussion of social vitality and happiness. It seems that in addition to the social economic factors influencing the low vitality and happiness of Iran, today one of the factors that have the greatest impact on the vitality and happiness of cities and citizens compared to the past few decades, are physical factors (urban spaces). . Due to the rapid population growth and the expansion of cities as well as traffic, visual pollution, unavailability of services, lack of public spaces suitable for recreation, lack of social connections, lack of suitable sidewalks, and overall lack of population-attracting spaces and real functional urban spaces (Happy City ) have lost themselves. In such a way that the lack of vitality and feeling of happiness in urban places and spaces is considered as one of the basic challenges of contemporary urban planners and designers in Iran. The problem is that the metropolis of Urmia is not free from these problems and may face more challenges and problems. According to the studies conducted in this field in Urmia, this city has a lower level of vitality than other cities in Iran. Conducting this research can present the state of happiness and the factors affecting it in the city of Urmia and the extent of the effect and importance of each, the important factors and variables affecting happiness and the factors affecting the sense of place in the city of Urmia. Because this research is considered as part of applied-field research in terms of its purpose, it can be applied in urban management systems of Urmia.

In terms of its purpose, this research is considered a part of field-applied research; Because its results can be applied in urban management systems. To extract the data used in this section, the statistics and information of the Statistics Center as well as the reports of the Welfare Organization, the Imam Khomeini Relief Committee, the Management and Planning Organization of the Province and the Municipality of the author's calculations and studies were used. In this research, by designing a questionnaire and determining the sample size and other methodological factors, correlation and regression statistical methods were used in the SPSS software environment for data analysis.

The results obtained from the application of regression analysis have been used to investigate the correlation between the dependent variable (sense of belonging to a place in Urmia city) and independent variables (factors affecting the sense of belonging to a place with the Shad Shahr approach). The sense of belonging to an urban place in In order to realize a happy city, it depends a lot on the changes and economic development and the organization of living conditions, social relations and collective actions of citizens, as well as the organization of the landscape and body of the city. If we can pay attention and plan the indicators and facilities, economic-economic flows and limitations, social conditions as well as landscape and physical conditions of different areas of Urmia city, the realization of the happy city will not be far from the expectation.After determining the degree of correlation between citizens' sense of spatial belonging and physical-spatial, economic-living, environmental and bio-ecological, social-behavioral, security, administrative-political, religious-psychological factors or environment (dimensions) related to the realization of a happy city; Using the method of path analysis, the extent and manner of the impact of each of these factors on increasing the sense of belonging to the place of the citizens and the realization of the happy city in Urmia have been investigated.

According to the statements of the citizens of Urmia, the income status of the citizens, including their satisfaction with their income, the level of purchasing power and provision of the basic needs of the citizens, the degree of proportionality between the income status and living expenses (housing, food, etc.) and related concerns. By providing for citizens' health and treatment costs, having savings to meet the needs of life in the future, the balance in the distribution of wealth and the absence of class gaps between the members of the society and the place of residence, the degree of flexibility of the economy of the city of residence against economic crises and accidents, the unemployment situation and Inflation in the place of residence of citizens in the last few years, as well as factors related to the employment status of citizens, including the level of satisfaction with job stability, the level of job security, and the level of satisfaction with one's job have a significant impact on realizing a happy city and increasing their sense of place.The results of applying regression analysis to investigate the correlation between the dependent variable (sense of belonging to a place in Urmia city) and independent variables (factors affecting the sense of belonging to a place with the Shad Shahr approach) showed that the highest amount of factors affecting the sense of belonging to a place With the happy city approach, it was economic-economic (R2=0.662), social-behavioral (R2=0.659) and physical-spatial (R2=0.654) indicators.The results of the multivariate regression analysis model and the path analysis also showed that the sense of belonging to the place with the approach of realizing the happy city has a significant correlation with economic (R2=0.536) and social indicators (R2=0.502) and in other words, the sense of belonging to A place with the approach of realizing a happy city in Urmia; It has a high and significant dependence on the economic-economic status of the citizens as well as the developments and development of social relations.

One of the emerging technologies in the formation of smart and sustainable cities is Cyberpark, which gives people the ability to enhance their quality of life, especially to improve the technological and social interactions in various fields (cultural, educational, etc.), through the sharing of knowledge and experiences, self-fulfilling and ultimately co-creating. In this way, considering the nascent concept and application of Cyberpark, recognizing and developing this type of project requires a deep scrutiny of its existential elements. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze cultural and educational open public spaces in order to form Cyberparks in the Mashq square of Tehran as a case study. The research framework has been developed in this research, using meticulous and systematic analysis of previous research in the form of libraries and documents about the features and dimensions of cyberparks. Then, through a quantitative method, while collecting data and analyzing them, the relationship and the impact of stakeholders' satisfaction with the quality of equipment and facilities of open spaces studied on the activities formed by users in these open spaces are investigated and according to the three dimensions of Cyberparks (public open spaces, stakeholders, and new information and communication technologies) have been studied.

For this purpose, Mashq Square, Tehran, has been selected as the case study and data is collected in the field through an online questionnaire survey that explored students’ views and behaviors towards university public open spaces. Then, using the quantitative analysis method and SPSS statistical software and also with the help of a case study strategy, data analysis was performed. In order to improve the validity of the research, first, a pilot study (30 questionnaires) is conducted, and then the main questionnaire is prepared.

During the research, various dimensions such as the quality of the university's public open spaces, the qualities and facilities available in the university's public open spaces of the university, student social life, and the social interactions taking place in relation to information and communication technologies, the degree of willingness to cooperate in the design and maintenance of public open spaces of the university, daily use of information and communication technologies and the kind of them in the public university spaces and the quality of information and communication technologies have been explored. In the statistical analysis, with the help of t-test and according to Pearson coefficient (correlation test), correlation levels, the forming dimensions of "Cyberpark" with each other and the indicators of each dimension have been tested separately. The findings emphasize the enthusiasm and high willingness of stakeholders (university student) to participate in matters related to the university public space. In addition, the quality of the public open space of Bagh-e Melli campus in the University of Art is strongly related to its facilities and has a strong correlation with the social life of students (related to the use of information and communication technologies). On the other hand, students' need for the development of information and communication technologies in the open space is positively assessed and reflects the preferences of stakeholders for the application of technologies, which is important in the formation of "Cyberpark" in the university public space.

Overall, the results indicate that in planning for the development or improvement of communication infrastructures, taking into account the goals of users of information and communications technology and considering the age groups of users in this field will have the greatest impact on the realization of creating a specialized educational Cyberpark and promoting the participation of stakeholders. This research is one of the first scientific steps in the field of specialized Cyberparks and has focused more on examining the differences, and it is hoped that further research in this area will shed light on the reasons for these differences, which will certainly be of great help to planners and decision-makers of public open spaces within the city, especially university officials in expanding ICT infrastructure and facilities to create a specialized Cyberpark, especially in the educational field and university environments.Findings show that from the point of view of stakeholders, the quality of open public space studied, in terms of sports facilities and games and entertainment facilities, equipment and service space and comfort facilities, facilities for access to communication technologies and facilities and infrastructure of Internet and telecommunication network, is generally not very satisfactory. Therefore, to develop the dimensions of cyberpark in this area, it is necessary to develop the relevant facilities, equipment and infrastructure to be able to provide the necessary basis for the realization of cyberpark by upgrading related activities.

In its general sense, rent is a non-productive and competitive product that is achieved through natural or artificial scarcity. In urban issues, changing the objective function of urban management to make a profit that harms the public interest can be considered Rent.Capitalism targets the artificial environment and produces space to continue the cycle of capital accumulation.The result of the movement of capital in the artificial environment is a fundamental spatial constraint on scarce urban resources and facilities, which leads to the deprivation of some against the deprivation of another.The reckless circulation of capital in the second cycle and urban spaces is a factor for residential segregation, types of rents, the tendency to integrate the capitalist structure, unequal development of urban spaces and the classification of society.In the meantime, urban management, with its regulatory nature in this unequal competition, must consider the public interest and act in order to balance public and private goals.In countries based on oil economics, with the discovery of oil and the extraction of oil revenues since the early 20th century, a change in these countries' urban systems has emerged and led to a deeper connection between these countries and capitalist relations.In other words, in metropolises that are dependent on the oil economy, the discovery of oil is a turning point in their urban development, which links urbanization with the mechanisms of the capitalist and liberal schools. As a result, urban management becomes a model known as a rentier, which urban management does not act as a regulator but as an actor in the competition for urban space.In other words, urban management goes beyond its regulatory path and acts in the direction of the goals and interests of capitalism or, at the very least, specific individuals and groups. This is due to the fact that rentier urban management makes itself dependent on the construction market, by removing people from the management and participation cycle and thus eliminating toll and tax revenues, which in order to maintain this revenue must provide urban spaces to capital to make money from this.What is discussed as the main issue in this study is the behavior of this phenomenon and its process in the urban management organization and for more scrutinizing the research issue in the context of urban space, the phenomenon has been considered in the urban management system of Tabriz metropolis.

The Current research approach is a qualitative type, which has been done by the method of grounded theory. According to this method, the data collected by in-depth interviews are analyzed in three stages open coding, axial coding, and selective coding, and then the theory is discovered about the understudied phenomenon. The main data source in the data-driven method is an interview, which has been interviewed along with documentary sources in the Current study.These interviews are exploratory, and after each interview, the data obtained from them are encoded. After conducting the interviews and analyzing the responses, the categories were identified and placed under the causal conditions, contextual conditions, intervening conditions, core phenomena, strategies and consequences.

Based on the analysis performed and the results obtained, the causal conditions that cause the phenomenon of rentier in the Urban Management Organization of Iran include; 1- Centralized administrative structure 2- Oil economy 3- Legal grounds and context 4- Weakness in the traditions of collective action 5- Economic adjustment policy and 6- Government downsizing policy.The phenomenon of rent in urban management, according to its characteristics, causes the waste of city resources. Part of this waste has been in the shadow of the commodification of urban space, as a result, urban space is invaded and occupied like a commodity under the control of the capital, and is transformed. In this process, individuals and groups tend to rent based on their abilities and capabilities, such as business capital or personal and group relationships, which in the long run will become a culture. As a result, local city management, which is responsible for regulating the relationship between the use of the city and creating a balance between private and public goals, faces public dissatisfaction and the continuation of the local city management and inability to solve problems, leads to reducing trust and social capital at various levels.Based on the research results, the type of strategy adopted to deal with the rent phenomenon depends on 1- the sensitivity of regulatory bodies 2- public reaction and desire, and 3- organizational will, which can be described as the underlying conditions.Intervention conditions under the headings; 1- Superior rules 2- Administrative structure 3- External relations 4- Internal relations are labeled.Finally, the strategies extracted in five codes include; 1- Strengthening the institutionalization of urban management 2- Support-seeking 3- Transparency 4- Indifference and 5- Accompanying.

It seems that the experience of Iran's urban management, especially at the local level, has not been successful in practice because it has been implemented in a centralized legal and administrative context and even based on the preference and recognition of centralized bureaucracy and not the potential and attraction of society. And always due to the lack of effective participation of people based on historical backgrounds and other factors, has been a place for the phenomenon of rent. In this process, the element of urban management and the private sector encourages the commodification of the urban space and seeks to change it not in the public interest but the interest of some groups. The city management's assumption of the city leads to daily life in decision and action and the continuation of the fundamental issues and problems of the city. An example of this for the metropolis of Tabriz has been the continuation and even expansion of the phenomenon of Slums in recent decades.

Lack of paying attention to environmental considerations and attitudes in urban planning and simplification of natural patterns in the urban context, including rivers, will cause changes in their development processes and serious damage to their natural systems. Some of the inter-city riverside spaces are spaces where the Worn-Out and old texture of cities is usually formed next to them. Such spaces have capacities that can become a beautiful urban landscape. Kermanshah city is one of the cities that have these natural elements, but have been neglected. One of these rivers is the Abshuran River, which has caused many problems due to lack of paying attention to it. The present study was an attempt to answer the question of what should be considered in regenerating worn-out urban structures alongside the urban rivers. The research method is descriptive-analytical and the method of data collection is field and documentary study (library) methods. Factor analysis method in Spss software was used to analyze the data. In the present study, main indicators for functional, identity-meaning, social-cultural, etc. dimensions were obtained, which were loaded in the form of 4 significant factors. The results showed that ranking of the study area neighborhoods based on the factor scores obtained for each of them is Baq Ney, Feyz Azabad, Toopkhaneh and Chal Darvish, respectively. The main results of the study suggest that none of the study areas is in a favorable status in terms of regeneration components and integrated and comprehensive planning is required in this regard.

Different ways of travelling are the basis of the economic and social activities of every city due to the costs of transportation and access, and the flow of people's travel in the city to access activities and services turns it into a living organism. The current research aims to investigate the internal relationships affecting individual and spatial factors on the way of intra-city travel in Rasht city. The present research method is considered to be applied in terms of purpose and in terms of descriptive-survey data collection. The current research aims to investigate the internal relationships affecting individual and spatial factors on the way of intra-city travel in Rasht city. The statistical population of this research consists of 21 urban planning and urban transportation experts. The data collection tool is in the form of a questionnaire with 31 factors documented and presented from the background table of the research. The subjects of the research are coded and in the next step, internal relationships of the effective factors are identified and determined through the Dimel technique, finally, by forming a group decision matrix, a better understanding of the internal effective factors is created. Also, the results obtained from the Dimtel technique showed that the accessibility according to travel costs (1.695), the distance between stations (1.549), the accessibility according to the distance from the city centre (0.628), the accessibility according to traffic (0.254), willingness to use public transportation (0.166), the distance between home and important city service-commercial centres (0.123) were the most influential indicators in evaluating the ways of intra-city travel in Rasht city.

Local development is one of the new patterns of development that emphasizes the empowerment of the local community after the 1980s to organize their own affairs. In this regard, the model of regeneration with a sustainable economy approach can be a good alternative for the redevelopment of inefficient neighborhoods. However, the application of this approach in Tehran has not been implemented so far and there are many challenges in this field that have been addressed in the present study. The research method of this study is mixed. Research data were collected using interviews with experts and surveys of target neighborhoods. The study population consisted of 31 experts familiar with the subject of research in Tehran and 473 residents of the target neighborhoods. Data analysis was performed in the qualitative part by "qualitative content analysis" method and in the quantitative part by "structural equation modeling" method. Based on the results of the qualitative pathology model, local development challenges based on the sustainable urban economy approach can be classified into 36 concepts, 35 sub-categories and 4 main categories. The results of the quantitative model also showed that the variable "trust in urban management institutions" is an important mediating variable that strengthens the participation of residents to accompany urban management institutions in organizing neighborhoods. In the end, it was concluded that Local development requirements can be pursued with the approach of sustainable urban economy in the following three areas: 1- Strengthening the role and performance of development actors at the institutional level (government and its affiliated institutions); 2- Strengthening the role and performance of development actors at the local level (members of the local community and residents of urban neighborhoods); 3- Localization of approaches to recreation of sustainable urban economy in accordance with the conditions of neighborhoods in Tehran