پژوهشنامه ادبیات داستانی
سال دوازدهم شماره 3 (پاییز 1402)

The present study, making use of the qualitative analysis based on complete induction, criticizes and analyzes the problem of transition from action and program-oriented discourse to sensory-perceptual and non-program-oriented discourse in "Golnar and the Mirror" by Rahnavard Zaryab. It has been hypothesized that novels, Prior to 2000s in Afghanistan, were based on a pragmatic discourse system, possessed a prescriptive and interactive narrative, contained categorical value systems, and carried an objective relationship between language levels. However, from the beginning of the decade afterwards, this situation has undergone a transformation that has replaced the previous systems, as the result. For instance; the Phenomenological and sensory-perceptual discourse system, adapted and intertwined narratives, value modal and adaptive system, and the phenomenological and physical relationship. Golnar and the Mirror, published in the early 2000s, is an example of this case. This novel, carrying three great signs-meaning (unity of subject-object, romantic discourse and imaginary identity of subject-object), correctly proves the assumption of the authors in this respect. This novel has been analyzed based on the theory of phenomenal sign-semantics and, as a result, we have found that in this novel, like novels before this decade, meaning is not the result of opposition and there is no value object outside the subject to conquer. Rather, the process of producing meaning in it has been formed through state and sensory-perceptual discourse system, comparative and intertwined narrative, and the existence of the value modal system. In such a system, meaning is obtained randomly and concurrently, without a predetermined plan, and the human senses of the subject play a prominent role in its production.

One of the general themes of all myths is the journey of the hero. Joseph Campbell based on the close connection of legends and ethnic tales with myths; He proposed a unique model for these stories, and based on Jung’s archetypal view, he designed and compiled a model of his hero’s journey. This pattern has three stages of departure, arrival and return; these three include other sections such as courier call (invitation), accepting or rejecting the invitation, guidance, crossing the threshold, test, reward and return. This study aims to study and analyze the Story Share Sangestan AkhavanSales based on the travel pattern of the hero Joseph Campbell. Therefore, he first explains Campbell’s theory; then, the prince’s action as a manifestation of the myth- hero in this poem is adapted to the important steps of the following pattern, and at the end, the data are described and analyzed. The result of the research shows that although the hero (prince) is in search of salvation and the way of salvation for his stoned and suffering sthociety (contemporary man); But because it fails to pass from me (the ego) to its realization, (the core of life); cannot find the spell key. Therefore, the ambassador has no achievement but regret and defeat

Investigating the entanglement of subjectivity and discourse, knowing the various aspects of power relations that lead to the construction of these discourses, and limiting subjectivity and agency, are some of the necessities of life in the present era. This is especially for adolescents who are at the beginning of social interactions. Meanwhile, gender is one of the issues that plays a decisive role in constructing the individual subjectivity, and a part of these discourses occur through the gender of individuals. This research targets the adolescent subjectivity and seeks to find out whether subject agency addresses freedom from discourse networks or not? Foucault’s point of view on the social and discourse subject, which has examined the individual subjectivity as a product in discourse processes, is utilized in this respect.This research is a qualitative research in which the method of social semiotics is utilized to examine different dimensions of subjectivity. Signs have been studied in two contextual contexts (linguistic and aesthetic signs) and social contexts (speech acts, communicational behavioral and body). The findings of this study indicate that the subject of boy in this novel, despite having action and agency, plays a role in the heart of tradition and gender discourse and can be considered as the object of the masculinity discourse. In general, it can be claimed that the subject of this novel is the subject of discourse, and what seems to be about him in terms of subjectivity and agency is only a role as a masculine object.

Sociology of literature is one of the interdisciplinary approaches that examines literary works from the perspective of sociology. In this approach, literary works are one of the documents that can be examined to investigate influential social and cultural phenomena. In the current research, the first group of "Youssef" stories, including 22 selected stories of the national contest of writing the holy defense/war (1385), has been examined from the perspective of literary sociology. The purpose of this research was to explore social issues and trace social and cultural changes in two very important decades in terms of political developments after the war. The results show that 68% of the reviewed stories reflect the realities of their contemporary society. Young writers, understanding the conditions of the first decade of the Islamic Revolution and the change of conditions in the two decades after the war (1387), while criticizing the abnormal consequences of economic and political development, have emphasized the approach of explaining the doctrines of holy defense/war. The most important perspective in the reviewed stories is the marginalization of the nostalgic deprivation of the first decade of the war and the highlighting of critical discourse and identity-giving concepts, including the explanation of social and spiritual values as unifying objects.

The world of story is considered as an extensive realm in which the presence of personality and human behavior can be the subject of psychological criticism and a suitable platform for conducting research in this respect. In the meantime, the stories of Shahnameh with multiple characters are among the works in which a good connection is established between the world of fiction and the real world. Rostam, the mythical character of Shahnameh, is the physical and spiritual model of Iranians. A person who is not surrounded by the aura of holiness and is not like ordinary human beings. The behavior of this character encompasses all personal, social, and human concerns. One of the ways to know Rostam's personality is to deal with his mind and behavior based on his performance. In his theory of personality, Maslow, an American psychologist, deals with the psychological dimensions of man holding a diverse perspective of psychoanalysts and behaviorists. In his theory, both physical and spiritual issues are considered. Rostam's personality from birth to death can be evaluated based on Maslow's theory of personality pyramid to determine what stage of self-fulfillment he has reached. In this research, an attempt has been made to examine his personality based on this theory and with regard to Seven Station. Rostam's behavioral characteristics in this story show his movement from material activities to self-fulfillment. Passing through physical issues, feeling of security and self-confidence, love for the homeland, mutual respect, and tact and discernment, which are the tools of self-fulfillment, are obtained from examining Rostam's character in this story. Rostam's ability to convey a mythical thought, which on the one hand indicates the relative evolution of his personality and on the other hand leads to general acceptance, is proved by using the Maslow pyramid.

Imagination in literary texts, which means representations of real or illusory objects and people allows the visualization of invisible dimensions of the universe. Since imagination is the core of the thinking of fictional texts, the horror genre, because it s a combination of fear of the unknown and nightmares and creating a sense of hatred and horror in the reader It often has a complex and systematic network of imagination., The story series "Alan Afham" by Ahmad Khalid Tawfiq, the originator of the horror genre in Arabic fiction It is a clear example of the function of imagination and its structures in horror stories. In the present study, an attempt is made by relying on a descriptive-analytical method and by referring to the structures of Gilbert-era's system of imagination, the dynamic dimensions of imagination can be discovered in describing the events and terrifying scenes of the "Alan Afham" series Shows the final impression the time and horror of its passage is the most important factor in the horror of the events of this story series This creates a kind of homogeneity between the images of the fall, the darkness and the animal, which Increases the reader's sense of fear and, consequently, his attraction to the continuation of the "Alan Afham" stories The issue that has been able to introduce Ahmad Khalid Tawfiq to the Arab world as an innovative and successful writer of the horror genre.

Written by the famous Syrian novelist "Hani AL-Raheb", the novel Al-waba (1981) is considered as a masterpiece. It is known as one of the best among a hundred Arabic novels in the Arab world. In this novel, the author has depicted the social and historical events of Syria in a realistic manner. Using story techniques have a significant role in the charm and success of this novel. Story technique is considered to be a set of techniques facilitating the story narration. The concept of the techniques address the howness of writing and narrating stories and novels. In this paper, Al-waba is discussed from the perspective of using narrative techniques. The research conducts a descriptive- analytical method and the results revealed that intertextual relationships and combination of different situations create two contradictory feelings known as grotesque. In this respect, narrative techniques such as the simultaneous narration of two or more events, narrative compression, and the narration from whole to part are remarkable. One main purpose of using these story techniques is that the author does not allow the multiplicity of characters, topics, and sub-stories to endanger the inner coherence of the novel and will be able to narrate the story of novel with an attractive literary and artistic form

Dialogue is a signifying tool to show the content of the story and introduce its heroes to the audience. Hoda Barakat, a contemporary Lebanese writer who wrote the novel Brid al-Lil and won the 2019 Arab Booker Prize, is the narrator of letters that express the feelings of Arab immigrants and by unveiling the most important components of post-colonial studies, including the outstanding legacy in the field of fiction. has created. This essay with a descriptive-analytical method, by extracting the types of internal speech in the novel "Brid Al-Lil", how to relate the types of monologues in connection with the characters of Faroodestan, establishing a relationship between the crisis-stricken characters of the story with different strata of the narrator's society and raising awareness Readers have been written about the ominous idea of colonialism on the sovereign lands of the third world. The text of the research is full of different social, political and cultural messages in the crisis-stricken Arab land, which are presented in the framework of various internal and external discourses in the form of various monologues. The narrative style of this novel and the use of different types of narrators along with diverse viewpoints lead to the unveiling of many problems of the people of the author's land; At the top of all the problems, the continuous conflict of the people of Lebanon, the displacement and inferiority of the people of that land can be seen, and these topics are depicted in the form of a variety of idioms.

Novel is an achievement of the cultural atmosphere of modernity which, as a documentary text, reflects collective relations and the details of individual behavior. The genesis of the Persian novel is not separate from this rule, and accordingly, it is possible to study issues related to the biosocial field and the performance of the characters. The purpose of this study is to provide a sociological analysis to shed light on gender roles in the novel of "Cheraghha ra man khamoush mikonam" by quantitative and qualitative content analysis. The results show that, without material abilities and job opportunities outside the home, the role of higher education, cultural interests, and personal tastes for the effective presence of women in society fades. For housewives, the house and the kitchen are the only space to express desires and set limits. The most important activities of such women are to be performed at home, kitchen, and family duties. In contrast to the housewife, there is the educated man who, with the help of all kinds of superiorities, and in the role of gender discrimination, has property, position, financial ability, and decision-making power in a wide measure in the society.