پژوهشنامه متون ادبی دوره عراقی
سال چهارم شماره 2 (تابستان 1402)

The present article aims to analyze the ideational function of "to quarrel the Chinese and the Romans" by analyzing the process of verbs and the transitive system based on Halliday's functional theory. In other words, the discovery of the empirical, mental and objective world of Rumi in this debate is done by analyzing and examining the processes of the ideational function. The statistical society is all the verses of this debate (33 verses) and the sample includes all its verbs (68 verbs in 33 vers The findings and results of this research are: It seems that Halliday's functional theory is appropriate in reading the story of the Chinese and the Romans. In this story, material processes are one of the tools of Rumi's thought to establish a more concrete and objective relationship with the audience and, as a result, clarify his mystical circuits. Therefore, in this debate, material processes have been placed at the service of Rumi's mystical vision.

In addition to being one of the most important mongol historical works, Tārikh- ‘i-Jahāngushā is also a literary masterpiece of Persian literature. In the present study, the moral and didactic aspects of Tārikh- ‘i-Jahāngushā are considered and specified. The major argument of this study is that in addition to Tārikh- ‘i-Jahāngushā’s historical values, it is a tour de force regarding the promulgation of moral and didactic issues. To prove this argument, the researchers have categorized historical issues into positive and negative. In addition, they have scrutinized different kinds of expressing moral issues by Juvayni. The results of this study indicate that Juvayni in the position of an instructor of morality had been more inclined to encourage people to righteous moral deeds, and warning people against negative deeds has had a lower position in his moral thought. Additionally, it seems that the diversity of moral issue expression methods indicates the importance of didacticism and morality in his ideological system.

The most natural type of satire is behavioral humor that causes surprise and amazement and pleasantry without any literary and linguistic artifice. Hafez, unlike the poets of the Timurid era, who only cared about language games and literary arts in poetry, puts the two elements of form and content in her focus at the same time.For this reason; there are more situational satires in her poems than literary satires. Hafez usually, instead of criticizing the policies of the governments, openly portrays the abnormal behavior of the governments and their supporters, which are often mixed with deception and hypocrisy, in order to create mocking and ridiculous situations from their confrontation and conflict with the logical and conventional human behavior.Or the one that puts hypocritical behaviors against normal transparent behaviors in order to create confrontational and humorous situations. Some types of situational humor in Hafez's poems are: frankness, self-mutilation/pretending debauchery and dissent, inversion, contradiction and opposition, arrogance and demandingness, tragic humor, exaggeration, self-deprecation, justifying reasoning, humor. In this article, we have examined only the first three types.

Khajowi Kermani has used various rhetorical devices and tools in his lyrical poetry to expand the scope of meaning, which in contemporary rhetoric are considered to be a subset of the iham industry and can be said to be related to the decorative categories of iham, including iham of proportion, iham of contrast, iham of contrast, iham Translation, synonyms, etc. are different. The different types of these methods are: verbal allusion, virtual allusion, ironic allusion, structural allusion, multiple reading allusion, additional allusion and employment allusion. The problem that is addressed in this article in an analytical-descriptive way is, which types of allusions did Khajovi Kermani use in his sonnets to increase the semantic capacity of his words? And what is the frequency of using these Ihamic methods in his words? After presenting the definitions of idioms in past and contemporary rhetoric and examining the types of idioms leading to multiple meanings, based on a comprehensive study of Khajo's poetry, the following results were obtained: First, Khajo in his sonnets, except for polyphonic idioms, of all meaning-making types of idioms, Has used; Second, among the types of polysemous idioms, he has used employment more and additional idioms less than other types. Other types of allusion used in Khajo's sonnets are, respectively: verbal allusion, ironic allusion, structural allusion, virtual allusion and additional allusion.

Among the many descriptions and explanations that have been written on Sa’di’s Bustan, Gholamhossein Yousefi’s explanation is more important than other explanations in the literary and academic community compared to other explanations. The questions are whether Yousefi’s description is completely reliable and without any problems? and does Yousefi’s description make other explanations unnecessary? In response to these questions, the author has quoted the verses in which there are problems in their explanations, and the explanation of Yousefi and some other commentators (Khaza’eli, Sudi, Naseh, Anzabinezhad and Qarabaglu). Then, in an analytical-critical way, by mentioning the reason, she criticized Yousefi’s explanation on each verse. And referring to Dehkhoda’s dictionary, she provided a meaning and explanation about the verse and word in question, which seems correct or more accurate. And wherever necessary, she has also quoted verses from Sa’di and other poets in support of her opinion. Out of the total of thirteen verses reviewed in this article, nine of the problems are related to the meaning of some words (verses: 7, 19, 46, 49, 72, 283, 2028, 2093, and 3381). Two problems are related to the pronunciation of the word and its meaning (1175 and 2020). The other two are related to the meaning of the verses. (277 and 2503).

In this research, the Prophet's (PBUH) Merajname in Makhzan Al-Asrar of Nizami and Mazhar-al-Asrar of Abdibeyg have been examined and compared. Considering Abdibeyg's imitation and adaptation of Nizami, through this comparison, one can better understand the details of the words of the two poets, the art of description and the creation of themes, as well as the subtleties and beauties of their words. Therefore, both works have been compared and analyzed from the point of view of thematic structure and content, rhetorical elements and linguistic creations and composition. This research shows that in terms of content and theme, Mazhar al-Asrar is often influenced by Nizami's style of speech in Makhzan al-Asrar; In terms of rhetoric, the frequency of Nizami's metaphors is more, and on the other hand, the frequency of Abdibeyg's similes is more than that of Nizami. This shows that Nizami is metaphorical compared to Abdibeyg. In terms of linguistic creations and composition, Nizami acted much more innovatively than Abdibeyg and brought about 35 new combinations and expressions, and this is only 13 in Mazhar al-Asrar. The reason for this difference is due to the style of the two poets, Nizami is usually more innovative and creative than his imitators in terms of linguistic and pictorial creations. The current research was carried out in a descriptive-analytical manner and the purpose is to examine and compare the Merajnama Mazhar al-Asrar with the Makhzan al-Asrar at the rhetorical, linguistic and content levels, and to determine the extent of Abdibeyg's imitation and innovation, as well as Nizami influence on Abdibeyg, and the position of the words and art of this imitative poet.

Parenting style is one of the prominent theories in the field of psychology, which examines the position of the family and its interaction with children. Based on Diana Baumrind's classification of parenting styles, she introduces four types of authoritarians, permissive, authoritative, and neglectful parenting styles and analyzes the role of parents in raising children. Khwaja Nasir al-Din Tusi, a great philosopher and theologian of the seventh century AH, discusses ethics in his valuable work Naseri Ethics, which is one of the most important practical wisdom treatises, in three sections of individual ethics, household management, and civil politics, analyzing human beings, family, education, and society. This research aims to describe and analyze the educational aspects and parenting styles in Naseri Ethics based on Diana Baumrind's theory. The findings of the study show that what Khwaja Nasir al-Din Tusi presents about parenting styles and the role of parents in raising children in Naseri Ethics can be examined based on the authoritarian parenting style. On the other hand, analyzing the components of this work leads us to valuable achievements in the field of educational and instructional features in classical literature, especially educational literature.