نشریه اقتصاد و بانکداری اسلامی
پیاپی 44 (پاییز 1402)

One of the primary goals of economic policy is to achieve full employment. The economic policy affects employment through monetary and fiscal policies. Considering this effect, this study aims to investigate the asymmetric dynamic effect of liquidity growth on the unemployment rate by nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NRDL) approach in Iran in the period between 2005:4 to 2022:4. The results indicate the existence of asymmetry in the short term. Accordingly, a one percent positive change in liquidity growth leads to an increase in the unemployment rate by 0.21 percent, and a one percent negative change in liquidity growth leads to a decrease in the unemployment rate by 0.25. Although the effect of liquidity changes on the unemployment rate is almost low, the asymmetric effects of monetary policy that are applied by liquidity changes are evident

The purpose of this article is to investigate the effect of religiosity on consumption utility in Isfahan. The data of the article include 423 samples from the fifteen districts of Isfahan, which were studied in individuals aged 18 to 87 years in 1399 using the organized Alport and Ross questionnaire and with the help of cluster sampling. Considering the consequences of accepting the religion of Islam in order to explain the effect of religion on the utility of consumption, in this study, various indicators have been created based on religious affiliation, participation and beliefs. Using Propensity Score Matching Technic (PSM), the results of this study show that active religious participation plays an important role in various aspects of religiosity. In addition, religious identity, religious affiliation, participation in religious ceremonies, and belief in the influence of religion in various aspects of life have had a significant impact on consumer utility. The research findings have been examined from different aspects of consumption utility in relation to the impact of religiosity and the results indicate the positive effect of religiosity on consumption utility.

This research examined the relationship between financial intelligence of customers and financial performance of Bank Qarz al-Hasneh Mehr branches from the employees' point of view. The statistical population of the employees of Qarz al-Hasneh Mehr Bank branches, according to Morgan's table, 290 people were selected as a sample from the statistical population of 1050 people. The descriptive research is of the correlation type. In this research, two questionnaires of customers' financial intelligence and financial performance were used. The questionnaires had good validity and reliability. Data analysis was done with spss software. The results showed that there is a relationship between financial intelligence (and its components: integrity of financial data, quality of financial information content, quality of access to financial information) and financial performance.

The present study was conducted with the aim of designing and explaining the evaluation model of fintech executive policy in National Bank. This research is based on the purpose of a developmental-applied study and based on the method of data collection, it is a non-experimental (descriptive) study of cross-sectional survey type. Also, in this study, a mixed research method (qualitative-quantitative) was used. The tool for collecting data in the qualitative part is a semi-structured interview and in the quantitative part is a Likert scale questionnaire. The Holstein coefficient was used to validate the qualitative part, and the quantitative part was validated using convergent validity, composite reliability and Cronbach's alpha. The statistical population in the qualitative section includes university professors and managers of National Bank who were selected by purposeful sampling method and theoretical saturation was achieved with 17 interviews. The statistical population of the quantitative part includes the managers and experts of National Bank branches in Tehran. The sample size was determined by Cochran's formula of 293 people and sampling was done by cluster-random method. To analyze the data in the qualitative part, the method of qualitative analysis of the theme and MaxQDA software was used. In the quantitative part, partial least squares method and Smart PLS software were used to validate the model. The research findings showed that the evaluation of the external, internal environment and banking stakeholders affects the technology strategy and financial strategy. Financial and technological strategies also shape the fintech executive policy in the banking system and affect marketing, financial and social performance. Finally, the marketing, financial and social performance leads to the development of fintech in National Bank.

The aim of the current research is to explain the effective variables in measuring intellectual capital in Iran's economic environment. Also, in terms of nature and method, this research was analytical-correlation, which examined the factors affecting intellectual capital. The statistical population of the current research includes all the studies and researches done in the past in the field of intellectual capital. Therefore, sampling was not done and all the researches that have been done about intellectual capital were reviewed until the end of 2019. STATA software was used to analyze the data, and according to the results of the research, among the factors related to intellectual capital, the added value of the market has the largest effect size and the capital structure has the smallest effect size. In conclusion, we find that the study of intellectual capital has made undeniable progress and has become more complete during the last thirty-three years in Iran. Nowadays, not only academics from different fields, but also other important social stakeholders (professionals, policymakers, managers, etc.) know more about this field. Researchers can challenge the status quo in future research and use innovative methods and new experiments on intellectual capital.

The financial services provided by the banks require the receipt of a fee, which the legislator only sets according to regulations, such as paragraph (4) of article (20) of the “Banking Operations without Usury Act” and paragraph (4) of article (14) of the “Monetary and Banking Law of the Country Act”, has considered the determination of its amount as one of the Central Bank's powers. In this regard, the legislative system due to the lack of adequate and incorrect regulations, not only did not solve the possible problems, but also had led to an increase in financial violations and omissions, each of which results in legal, social and economic damages. In fact, “lack of precise explanation of the nature of fees and lack of guarantee of efficient execution” on the one hand and “lack of culturalization and justification of customer financial payments” on the other hand, have caused the rate of bank fees to remain constant for several years, and banks actually to provide many financial services do not charge a proportionate fee. Therefore, the important issue is that what are the challenges caused by the defects and ineffectiveness of the laws in banking fees and what are the solutions to correct them? In the current research, with the descriptive-analytical method, while explaining the mentioned challenges, it has been emphasized that the correct explanation of the nature of bank fees, the establishment of efficient performance guarantees to prevent related violations and omissions, and sufficient information to customers can overcome these challenges raise a lot.

Banks, while accompanying the economic programs of countries, also seek to gain benefits for their beneficiaries. To achieve these goals, they need to equip and optimally allocate resources, and one of the important issues in this field is to know the effective factors in attracting resources. The purpose of this research is to identify and prioritize factors affecting the provision of bank resources. To achieve the goal of the research, by reviewing the background of the research, the mission of the bank and the opinions of banking experts, 62 factors were presented in the form of a questionnaire. The reliability of the questionnaire was tested and confirmed with Cronbach's alpha after the approval of banking experts and the pre-test. After collecting research data through a questionnaire, the identification of the effective components on the methods of resource attraction was extracted using structural equation modeling (partial least squares model) and factor analysis. Based on the obtained t-value, which was higher than 1.96, the influence of external and internal factors on resource allocation was generally confirmed. This relationship was also confirmed in the dimension of intra-organizational factors. According to the path coefficients obtained in the final model of the research, the influence of intra-organizational factors (0.863) is higher than extra-organizational factors (0.192) in equipping resources. In examining the influence of dimensions of internal organizational factors; Communication and human, service, physical and financial factors were placed in priority 1 to 4 respectively.

This study was aimed at developing a model based on the value exchange of relationship marketing in commercial markets using a mixed approach, combining qualitative and quantitative research methods. In the qualitative part of the research, interview questions were developed for the data collection purpose. Then, the DEMATEL Questionnaire, the ISM Questionnaire and a researcher-made questionnaire with a 5-point Likert scale were used. The statistical population in the qualitative part, DEMATEL and ISM consisted of 10 qualified experts selected using a purposive and non-probability sampling method and questioned through in-depth and semi-structured interviews. The statistical population of the quantitative part who were used to validate the final model consisted of 384 customers of commercial markets.In the first step of the current study, the main categories and sub-categories of the research were identified using the qualitative analysis of the theme (editing and summarizing the interviews and interpreting the concepts and words) and MAXQDA software was used for qualitative analysis. Then, in the second and quantitative part of the research, the DEMATEL technique, the Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) method and MICMAC software were used to identify the causal relationships between the main categories of the research. Finally, the model was validated using the Partial Least Squares (PLS) technique and SMART PLS software.The final model was presented by extracting the main categories and sub-categories of the research using the results of qualitative analysis of the theme and an integrated ISM-DEMATEL method. In total, the resulting model consisted of 14 main categories. Based on the research model, we concluded that functional and social values affect emotional, epistemic and conditional values. Emotional, epistemic and conditional values affect value co-creation with customers as well as value creation and lead to the value exchange of relationship marketing. The value exchange of relationship marketing can affect customer orientation and relationship, thereby leading to customer satisfaction, loyalty and trust, and ultimately customer retention.

The purpose of the article is to investigate the effect of exchange rate fluctuations on the growth of different sectors of Iran's economy through import and export channels using the Garch model and simultaneous equations during the period of 2018-1988in Iran.The results showed that exchange rate fluctuations have the greatest impact on industry and mining sectors. With the increase in exchange rate fluctuations, the added value of the industry and mining sector decreased by 0.0349% and the added value of the agricultural sector decreased by 0.008%. Regarding the added value of the service sector, since this sector has little dependence on imports, it is not significantly affected by exchange rate fluctuations. With the increase in exchange rate fluctuations, the rate of economic growth in the whole economy and in these sectors decreases, which is due to the dependence of the Iranian economy and the industrial and agricultural sectors on the import of raw materials and inputs. Finally, based on the results, in order to reduce the economy's dependence on imports and its impact on exchange rate fluctuations, it is suggested to use the import substitution strategy in the country's development plans.

This study was conducted with the aim of modeling sustainable competitive advantage in corporate banking in private banks of the country. The current research is an applied-developmental research in terms of its purpose, and it is considered a cross-sectional survey research from the point of view of data collection. The community of participants in the qualitative sector includes experts, professors, marketing specialists and managers of private banks in the country. Sampling was done with a purposeful method and theoretical saturation was achieved with 12 interviews. In the quantitative section, the views of 384 customers of this industry were used. The data collection tool is a semi-structured interview and a researcher-made questionnaire. Grounded theory and partial least squares were used to analyze the collected data. The research findings showed that the components of competitive intelligence, digital banking, relational marketing and customer orientation have an impact on obtaining a sustainable competitive advantage (phenomenon-oriented). It was also determined that the components of obtaining a sustainable competitive advantage (central phenomenon), the quality of banking services (background conditions) and the intensity of competition (intervening conditions) affect the corporate banking marketing strategy (strategies). Finally, the mentioned component leads to consequences such as competitiveness in the banking industry, financial stability and long-term relationships with customers.

The role of experiential marketing as a strategic tool to retain customers in competitive industries including the banking industry is undeniable. This research was conducted with the aim of designing an experimental marketing model in the banking industry. The current research is an applied-developmental research in terms of its purpose, and it is considered a descriptive-survey research in terms of the method of data collection. The community of participants of the qualitative section includes theoretical (marketing professors) and experimental (Refah Bank managers). Sampling of the qualitative part was done in a targeted way and theoretical saturation was achieved with 29 interviews. In the quantitative section, the views of 384 customers of Refah Bank were used. The data collection tool is a semi-structured interview and a researcher-made questionnaire. The underlying categories of experiential marketing in the banking industry were identified by thematic analysis method and the final model was validated by the partial least squares method. Qualitative data analysis was done with Maxqda software and quantitative part was done with Smart PLS. The results showed that sensory, perceptual and cognitive experience affects the behavioral and communication experience of banking customers. Behavioral and communication experience has an effect on improving customers' experience of the banking system and leads to customer loyalty, trust and satisfaction. Through the loyalty, trust and satisfaction of customers, it becomes possible to keep customers in Refah Bank.

The ways to achieve the desired economic, social, cultural and political development and growth are considered important. The majority of experts on the development of countries, while emphasizing the role and importance of the government and the policies adopted by the statesmen in the development, are looking for a scientific and logical answer to this important question that the causes and factors of the difference in the different development experiences between the developing countries, despite having Some similarities such as: independence of action of governments and abundant infrastructural resources along with elites with expertise and... We witness different results in their development record! The current research, while comparing the governments of Iran and South Korea since the 1960s, will seek to answer this important question: What are the causes and factors of different experiences of development in rentier and development-oriented governments? The hypothesis of the current research is that in development-oriented governments such as South Korea, efficient and expert bureaucracy and the government's ability to attract the participation of the private sector of society along with strict supervision are considered to be privileged features, which are considered the missing link in rentier governments such as Iran. The present research is descriptive-analytical. As a result, fundamental changes in the path of growth and progress for any society must first originate from a correct strategy in all-round development along with an efficient, independent and meritocratic bureaucracy.

Eliminating hunger, both obvious and hidden, is one of the goals of sustainable development. Considering that the nature of hunger in the world is changing, the study of the hidden hunger index that shows the lack of micronutrients and the socio-economic factors affecting it, provides evidence to health policy makers to take measures to reduce the adverse effects of hidden hunger. The present descriptive analytical study was conducted using cross-country data during the years 1990-2019. First, the hidden hunger index based on DALY (Disability Adjusted Life Years) created due to the lack of iodine, iron and vitamin A micronutrients was calculated for all countries, and then by using (FMOLS)fully adjusted least squares regression and Eviews10 software, the effect of variables Economic (gross domestic product per capita and trade openness) and socio-environmental variables (women's education, urbanization, governance, safe drinking water and food prices) are examined on hidden hunger. The data of the study variables were extracted from the databases of the Global Burden of Diseases and the World Bank. The results of the present study showed that the increase in food prices, free trade and urbanization have a positive and significant effect and the governance index, GDP per capita and access to safe drinking water have a significant and negative effect on hidden hunger. The variable of women's education had a positive relationship with hidden hunger, although it was not statistically significant. At the international level, the measures that make food more expensive or reduce their supply, the opening of food trade without the necessary controls and standards, and the increase in the rate of urbanization and its related lifestyle lead to unhealthy eating habits and insufficient or low food consumption, low quality and the lack of micronutrients increase hidden hunger, and in contrast to economic growth and development and improving the governance of countries and having clean water and providing healthy food, it reduces hidden hunger.

The stock exchange is one of the main pillars of the country's economy, and paying attention to this organization not only brings prosperity to this organization, but also to the growth and development of the national economy, for this reason, the factors that have the ability to influence this organization in some way should be analyzed. Therefore, the present research was conducted with the aim of sociological analysis of socio-economic factors affecting the investment behavior of shareholders in Tehran stock market. This research is considered as an exploratory research from the objective dimension, and from the strategy dimension, it was classified as non-experimental, field and qualitative research. The participating community of this research consists of all the shareholders of Tehran Stock Exchange in 2013-2014, who were selected through purposeful sampling until reaching theoretical saturation. Data were collected using unstructured open interviews and analyzed through the systematic method of Strauss and Corbin. In general, the achievements of the field research include a central category, 4 main categories, 67 sub-categories and 139 concepts. Faced with the stock market and its prevailing conditions, the participants of the round adopted the basic strategy, and the consequences of these strategies are examined. If shareholders invest in the stock market, it will have consequences such as obtaining resources for large businesses, creating a platform for creating medium-sized companies, creating jobs, and reducing liquidity and inflation. Considering the second strategy of investors based on not reinvesting in the stock market, this will cause the fall of the stock market.