Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences
Volume:21 Issue: 3, Summer 2023

Our study was designed to examine the antimicrobial activity of an Actinobacteria strain previously isolated from soil. In the soil surrounding lemon beebrush (Aloysia citriodora L.), a Nocardia isolate was identified. This strain was evaluated using phenotypic, biochemical, and molecular methods and was distinguished as Nocardia pseudobrasiliensis. The structure of the metabolite was determined using mass spectrometry (MS). The antibacterial activity of this strain was detected during primary screening and was observed to exhibit strong antibacterial effects against important nosocomial infections. These bacterial strains were tested to determine their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The metabolite was first distinguished in N. pseudobrasiliensis. Phylogenetic and biochemical analyses showed that the isolated strain is similar to N. pseudobrasiliensis. The possible molecular structure of the metabolite was distinguished as C18H36O2. Based on these results, the metabolite appears to have strong antimicrobial activity both against Gram-positive and -negative bacteria. Despite the fact that N. pseudobrasiliensis was found in the soil surrounding the lemon beebrush roots, further investigations are necessary in order to determine whether it may be an endophyte or a soil microorganism. In the present study, the C18H36O2 compound in the N. pseudobrasiliensis is reported for the first time.

The study aimed at examining the asymmetric effect of crude oil price on the quality of environment in Nigeria. The study utilizes the time series form of annual data from 1970 to 2019 and applies the model of NARDL (Non-Linear ARDL) to determine the short-run and long-run asymmetries. The results revealed that positive shocks in crude oil price reduces the amount of carbon emissions thereby enhancing the quality of the environment in the long run, while negative shock increases the amount of carbon emission and hence deteriorate the quality of the environment. In the short the positive shock increases the amount of carbon emissions while the negative shocks reduces the carbon emissions and also improve the quality of the environment. Nonetheless, the magnitude and sign of positive as well as negative shocks of crude oil price are essential in environmental management policies. Henceforth, on the basis of the sign as well as magnitude, the study recommends for more subsidy on clean energy as well as formulation of a favorable form of policies for the implementation of renewable form of energy such as solar by residential consumers and industries particularly during the period of low crude oil price.

In the central jungle region of Peru, within the wet processing of coffee, the coffee pulp is discarded. This objective is to design a dual solar and gas dryer with continuous operation, for the dehydration of waste from wet processing of coffee for human use. The proposed objective is part of a broader project to apply the circular economy in the use of waste from wet coffee processing financed by Pro Ciencia. The following procedure was followed. At first, a 100 kg/Bach capacity gas and solar system dryer was designed applying the proposed technology development methodology in mechanical engineering and secondly arriving at the construction of the prototype. The results are to have a design methodology and the built prototype of the dual dryer (solar and gas) of continuous and semi-automated operation that has a control panel to allow programming and monitoring the drying process in real time. At the end of the project, the proposal will allow a continuous dehydration of the coffee pulp with quality, low cost and the industrialization of its by-products such as coffee pulp flour, filters and functional drinks.

GOR Haji Agus Salim Padang and Imam Bonjol Padang, Indonesia are public Green Open Spaces with ecological, social, cultural, and aesthetic functions. This study aimed to analyze the characteristics of plants found in public areas of green open spaces in Padang. The data analyzed were obtained from surveys and field observations in the green open spaces of GOR Haji Agus Salim Padang and Imam Bonjol Padang. The research results were 299 trees from 13 species in 9 families in GOR Haji Agus Salim Padang, while 22 species from 15 different families    in Imam Bonjol Padang. The architectural model found in GOR Haji Agus Salim Padang is dominated by Roux and Rauh architecture which function as guides and shaders. At the same time, Imam Bonjol Padang is dominated by Troll and Corner architecture which also serves as shade and guide.

The purpose of this work is to study the casein complex of camel milk and their amino acid composition. including the chemical composition and physico-chemical properties of milk of single-humped and double-humped camels, as well as the fractional composition of milk proteins of two types of camels and combined milk, followed by the amino acid composition of the casein complex of milk. The protein composition of the casein complex and whey proteins can be used in breeding work in dairy camel breeding to select the most desirable types of animals. The electrophoretic picture of casein fractions on polyacrylamide gel can serve as a reference in the study of camel milk proteins.

Interrill erosion is the process of soil erosion that occurs on small, un-vegetated areas between ridges or furrows caused by raindrops falling on sloped land. The impact of raindrops can cause the soil to detach and be carried away by runoff. Interrill erosion can be a significant contributor to overall soil erosion and is considered a problem in agricultural areas, construction sites, and other areas with disturbed soil. The aim of this paper was to identify the factors affecting interrill erosion using the M5 algorithm of decision tree in four different regions. The M5 algorithm is considered to be a robust and powerful method for time series forecasting and has been widely used in a variety of applications. To study interrill erosion, 200 soil samples were collected from two rangelands and two forests in Ramadi, Iraq. The soil samples underwent analysis to determine various chemical and physical properties, and the amount of interrill erosion was calculated using the Kamphorst rainfall simulator. The results showed that in the studied areas, the properties of clay, silt, sand, geometric standard deviation and geometric mean particle diameter had the greatest role in interrill erosion. The highest amount of interrill erosion occurred in the disturbed rangeland with a value of 7 tons/hectare and the lowest amount in the protected forest with a value of 3 tons/hectare.

The article presents the results of palynological and physicochemical analysis of monofloral and polyfloral honey from different climate zones of Kazakhstan. Cotton, buckwheat, camelthorn, Tamarix, sunflower, sainfoin, and raspberry monofloral honey samples were analyzed. For the first time, the relationship between the results of the palynological analysis and some physicochemical values of honey quality indicators was shown. Thirteen samples of fresh honey of various botanical and geographical origins were collected and their basic physicochemical properties were studied, including the mass fraction of water, sucrose, and reducing sugars, free acidity, pH, diastase number (Schade unit), and electrical conductivity. Their organoleptic properties were evaluated. As a result of the conducted research, it was established that the honey samples are high-quality natural products that meet the regulatory requirements of the Codex Alimentarius (Standard for Honey, CXS 12-1981).

In this study, the spread of the medicinal fennel, Foeniculum vulgare Mill, government decisions on propagation, as well as the development of optimal agricultural technologies for the cultivation of medicinal fennel were assessed. In addition, the research on the number of branches of fennel, the number of flowers and the length of the roots of the fertilizers used in the studies were conducted at the end of 2018. The norms of N20P60K40, N40P60K40 and N60P60K40 were applied to obtain high quantity and quality seeds. The optimal amounts were determined and the information was cited.

The current epizootic situation of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in the world indicates the need to organize measures for its prevention and elimination among agricultural and wild animals. The present study aimed to develop and plan measures to reduce the risk of spreading FMD virus in Kazakhstan. In epizootiological studies, the authors used the periodic bulletins of the World Organization for Animal Health, statistical data on the epizootic situation of FMD in Kazakhstan, geographical data of the territories of the regions of Kazakhstan included in the zones with vaccination and acceptable FMD status, and other necessary information. FMD monitoring was carried out by serological and virological studies of blood serum samples by detecting antibodies to the nonstructural protein of FMD virus and the reproductive pathogen or its antigenic components. According to the results of epizootiological monitoring, serological studies established the highest sero-positivity (25.3%) in cattle during 2021. Repeated virological studies of samples from these animals did not established signs of the presence and persistent circulation of FMD virus. However, in 2022, a case of FMD was recorded in the Karaganda region of Kazakhstan in the zone without vaccination. It was found that the immunogenicity of FMD vaccine among vaccinated cattle, goats and sheep was 85% or higher. However, the intensity of post-vaccination immunity persisted for about 3 months, instead of the 6 months guaranteed by the manufacturer. The extensive type of animal husbandry did not reduce the threats of the spread of FMD virus. The authors have identified logistics corridors through which the penetration and spread of FMD virus is possible. It is not possible to minimize the threat of spread using vaccination alone. Therefore, the authors have developed measures that include elements of biosecurity, surveillance and rapid diagnostics, animal movement control, and international cooperation.

Forty pure microbial cultures have been isolated from sewage sludge to develop biopreparations using the microbiological screening method. Among all studied microorganisms sixteen strains of different taxonomic groups (2 strains of each Bacillus and Streptomyces, 7 strains of Pseudomonas, and 1 strain of each of the following Acinetobacter, Rhizobium, Pseudarthrobacter, Sphingomonas, and Rothia) were selected providing the best cellulose-degrading ability, as well as having good growth and quick biomass accumulation on various substrates. The isolates were additionally tested for the ability to consume organic and mineral nitrogen species, and to encourage seedlings’ growth. Moreover, we have evaluated the nitrogenase activity for some strains. As a result, the following strains of Bacillus megaterium № 10, Rhizobium pusense № 25, Sphingomonas paucimobilis № 49, Pseudomonas fluorescens № 83, Streptomyces albidoflavus № 81, Streptomyces graminearus № 61 demonstrated the potential to be used as bio-activator for sewage sludge composting and as multifunctional biologics in crop production.

The problem of the formation of environmentally friendly urban areas is relevant for various regions of the world. In different climatic conditions, approaches to its solution differ in efficiency and speed of their implementation. The purpose of this work is to assess the degree of landscaping in Astana and present recommendations for its development. The work analyzed data on the existing vegetation cover of Astana, Kazakhstan in 2021. The results of soil phytotoxicity were presented. The area was estimated based on remote sensing data and GIS technologies, followed by an integral assessment of the state of green spaces in Astana, including the determination of survival rate, forest pathological state, and a comprehensive assessment of the state of green spaces. Based on the results of the study, emergency measures were proposed related to individual plant species and situations in parks. The authors indicated what activities need to be carried out for further assessment of landscaping. The landscaping method proposed by the authors can be used to assess the landscaping of other cities in a continental climate.

Dadiah is one of traditional food in West Sumatera. It is made from naturally fermented buffalo milk in bamboo tubes by lactic acid bacteria found naturally in the buffalo milk and bamboo tubes themselves. Lactic  acid bacteria strains are the main probiotics in the food and pharmaceutical markets. Probiotics are live microorganisms or components of a microbial cell that give good effect to other organisms. Probiotics have an important role in the health of the gastrointestinal tract in general. Pediococcus acidilactici is one of the lactic acid bacteria that acts as a probiotic isolated from Dadiah. Insulin is a hormone produced by pancreatic beta cells, which plays an important role in regulating blood glucose levels, so that they remain in a normal state, and its promoter regulates the rate of transcription in response to physiological regulators. In human pancreatic cells, the insulin promoter interacts with loci associated with diabetes risk and controls genes involved in insulin metabolism. Insulin promoters are tissue-specific and typically only activate in islet beta cells in adult tissues to stimulate insulin production. This study aims to determine the secondary metabolites of P. acidilactici to insulin promotor expression by looking at the canonical and isomeric SMILE (simplified molecular-input line-entry system) structures in the PubChem database. After conducting bioinformatics analysis to determine the secondary metabolites of P. acidilactici, its compound has potential as a diabetes treatment, because the QSAR results show potential as an insulin promoter (0.75).

The main goal of petrochemical industries is to produce petrochemical and chemical products as well as by-products of oil and oil derivatives along with natural gas, which have the potential to cause adverse effects on the environment due to the activities and processes. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the environmental, safety and health risks in the gas condensate storage tanks in an oil refining company. In order to prevent accidents in process industries and considering the increasing development in all aspects of these industries, it is necessary to identify the risks in the processes and evaluate their risk management. In this study, in order to assess quantitative risk, the FMEA method was developed to provide an approach with high user power, followed by management of risks that can be understood by all personnel, so that, its results can be used to analyze incidents. The results showed that the bowtie method provides a complete, and understandable graphic structure of the incident scenarios along with all the components of the incident and a good connection with the components of a management system. Research implications were to facilitate the implementation of the bowtie method, hence, the active bowtie software was introduced and some of its features were examined. It was also a case study on the LPG unit of the refinery. The results showed the existence of a purposeful and at the same time, adaptable management. In addition, the most important petrochemical risks included air pollution, reduction of water quality and jeopardizing the public health of the region. Therefore, in order to reduce or eliminate the risks and factors that cause environmental risks, it is suggested that the inspection and monitoring periods, according to the identified risks, should be among the most important goals of the management plans.

Climate change and human activity may have profound impacts on ecosystems sustainability and soil degradation. Within this context, soil microbial properties represented by microbial biomass and enzymatic activities have been used as soil quality assessing bioindicators. Twenty soil samples were collected from five unmanaged lands with native vegetation cover in areas around Baghdad, Iraq. The microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) were evaluated by the chloroform fumigation - extraction method. The soil enzymes activity was estimated by fluorescence enzyme assays. The current study showed a significant decrease in the activity of soil microbial communities in this region in response to climate changes that affected physicochemical soil properties. Neither pH nor electrical conductivity was significantly correlated with phosphatase activity. Electrical conductivity was negatively correlated with microbial biomass content and nitrifying enzymes activity. Soil moisture was strongly correlated with microbial biomass and enzymatic activity. Furthermore, microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen were significantly lower at all study sites. Our data indicate that the soil state was stressful, specific, and less efficient in supporting soil microbial activity. Consequently, lands reclamation would contribute to reducing soil degradation. This is the first analysis of bioindicator measurements of soil in a hot and dry ecosystem in the Middle East.

In industrial quail breeding all hatching eggs are subjected to preliminary selection according to external features and egg weight. This means that the issues of evaluating hatching eggs, increasing hatchability, and the viability of young animals during artificial incubation do not lose their relevance. Comparative assessment was carried out on the quality of incubation eggs of Estonian and Manchurian Golden quail breeds with different mass-to-volume ratios, as well as the results of incubation and the values of electromagnetic impulses during the incubation of quail eggs. The material for the study was the eggs of the Estonian and Manchurian Golden (MG) breeds of quials. Eggs were selected with a shelf life of no more than 7 days. At the first phase, 100 eggs of each breed were opened and morphologically analyzed. At the second, three incubations were carried out. For each incubation, 150 eggs of the Estonian and Manchurian Golden breeds were selected, of those, 50 eggs were opened and a morphological analysis of the eggs of each breed was made. The incubation of quail eggs at the 2nd phase was carried out in IPH-10 incubators. At the 3rd phase, eggs were incubated individually in an R-COM DX-8800XP incubator. During incubation, the development of embryos was monitored by candling eggs on days 6, 11, and 16 of incubation. In the Manchurian Golden breed, 7.5 times fewer eggs fell into the first variation class, and 2.3 times more eggs into the third variation class compared to the Estonian breed (p < 0.05). The large diameter of the egg increased on average by 4.3%, while the small one decreased by 3.2%. Egg shape index increased by 3.3% in Manchurian eggs, while by 2.9% in Estonian eggs (p < 0.05). The value of the "Haugh unit" index decreased by 4.2% in the eggs of the Manchurian Golden breed, while by 5.9% in the eggs of the Estonian breed (p < 0.05). The ratio of mass and volume significantly affected the results of incubation of eggs. In the second and third classes, an average of 6.1 and 2.7% more quials hatched than in the first class. In terms of hatchability of eggs, these differences were more significant and amounted to 15.8 and 14.0%, respectively.

Water contamination has always been one of the greatest intense environmental issues. Rivers are more polluted than the other surface and underground water resources, since passing through different areas. The current study aimed to examine the exactitude of artificial neural networks (ANN) and wavelet-ANN (WANN) models in estimating the concentrations of pollutants including Cl, EC, Mg, and TDS by comparing the results of the observed data. Tallo River in Indonesia was selected as the case study. The concentrations of pollutant parameters Cl, EC, Mg, and TDS were available and used between 2010 and 2022. Then 70% (100 months) of the data were considered as training data, while 30% (44 months) were supposed to be the testing ones. ANN and WANN models were examined to evaluate and predict the concentrations of pollutants in river water. The results of each model were compared to the observed data, and the models' accuracy was assessed. The results demonstrated that applying wavelet transform improved the precision of simulation. All efficiency criteria associated with the WANN model yielded superior results compared to the ANN model. The findings indicated that using the hybrid method with wavelet transformation ameliorated the ANN model's exactitude by 10% during training and 16% during testing. Finally, the findings exhibited that the WANN method is better than ANN; consequently, the former has performed more exactitude modeling in the estimation of water quality.

In this work, we prepared an eco-friendly, simple, stable new adsorbent SA-Bn-TiO2 NPs hydrogel and Comparative between SA-Bn-TiO2 NPs, SA-Bn, and TiO2 NPs surfaces as adsorbents. The best results of the percentage of removal (E%) of two pollutants including Amoxicillin (AMX) and 4-chlorophenol (CPH) arranged in the order of increasing as SA-Bn-TiO2 NPs > SA-Bn > TiO2 NPs. The good results of the percentage of removal (E%) of SA-Bn-TiO2 NPs were 87.56% and 82.56 for AMX and CPH at the same order. Kinetics adsorption models of two pollutants on SA-Bn-TiO2 NPs was studied and modelled utilizing three adsorptions kinetic. The classification of the kinetic models according to the simulation of the adsorption study is pseudo first order < pseudo-second order > chemisorption. Recyclability and desorption studies indicated the better reusing performance of the prepared composite. Based on the results, the prepared nano-composites can be useful as a promising, cost-effective, environmentally friendly, and efficient material for pollutant decontamination. Studies was carried out utilizing several desorption agents at various concentrations (0.01, 0.05 and 0.1 N) including HNO3, H2SO4, HCl, NaOH, H3PO4, ethanol, acetone and water. The SA-Bn-TiO2 NPs was regeneration with 100% using water.

Results of isolating the fungi accompanying the maize grains stored in some warehouses, local markets and mills in Karbala Governorate, Iraq, showed that there are 11 genus of fungi including Aspergillus spp. (27.83%), Penicillium spp. (22.26%), Fusarium spp. (14.01%) Mucor spp. (5.76%), Alternaria spp. (4.80%), Acremonium spp. (2.69%) and yeast (6.14%). Seventy-three isolates of genus Fusarium were isolated from yellow corn grain samples stored in the traditional way, based on the phenotypic and microscopic characteristics of Fusarium spp. colonies and their reproductive structures, as well as by molecular methods. Seven species of fungi were recorded F. verticillioides (26.03%), F. proliferatum (20.55%), (16.44%) F. equiseti, F. oxysporium (13.7%), F. sulawenes (11%) and F. thapsinum (6.85%).

The research has been carried out in three districts consisting of Liquica, Ermera, and Ainaro districts, from January 2021 to January 2022. The location was chosen with consideration: (i) Geographically Liquica district represents lowland areas with an altitude of 700-900 m asl, Ermera district represents moderate plains with an altitude of 1000-1400 m asl and Ainaro district represents highland areas with an altitude of 1500-1750 m asl; (ii) Ecology of coffee farming in the districts of Liquica, Ermera and Ainaro under the supervision of the agriculture and plantation service. This study aimed to determine the ecological characteristics of arabica coffee farming in Timor Leste and to analyse the ecological politics and sustainability of Arabica coffee (Coffea arabika L) farming in Timor Leste. The type of research used in this study was a case study. The research method used was Mix-methods, i.e., a research approach that combines or associates qualitative and quantitative forms in the data collection stage. Respondents were selected as many as 180 coffee farmers using Purposive Sampling Technique. Respondent characteristic data were analysed descriptively, and data related to ecological politics on the sustainability of coffee farming management were analysed using multiple linear regression, continuing with the T test. The results showed that from the aspect of farmers' characteristics, they still needed improvement and assistance considering that the age of the farmer was dominated by 51-56 years (30%), with relatively low formal education, only elementary school by 40%. Political ecological analysis of the sustainability of coffee farming from the social aspect, community aspect and product responsibility aspect displayed a very significant effect (p < 0.01) and for environmental aspects it has a significant effect (p < 0.05) on the sustainability of coffee farming. Meanwhile, the economic and labour aspects exhibited no significant effect.

The shell of bivalve such as Placuna placenta is one of many biomasses that is commonly used as bio-inspired and biomimetic material. Different habitat may influence the living of organism, including the biomineralization of P. placenta shell affecting their mineral composition. This study was aimed to know the mineral composition of the P. placenta shell collected from Ujung Pangkah-Grasik and Junganyar Socah-Bangkalan, Indonesia. Observation was carried out on the shell (near umbo) using SEM-EDX (Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy). The result showed that the shell collected from Junganyar Socah-Bangkalan have larger element quantities (9 types) than that from Ujung Pangkah-Gresik (6 types). The elements found on the shell collected from Junganyar Socah-Bangkalan were: C, O, Na, Mg, Si, Ca, S, Al, and Cl, while from Ujung Pangkah-Gresik were: C, O, Na, Mg, Ca, Zn, and S. The Na/Ca ratio of the shell from Ujung Pangkah-Gresik was higher than that from Junganyar Socah-Bangkalan. The Mg/Ca and S/Ca ratio of the shell from Junganyar Socah-Bangkalan was higher than that from Ujung Pangkah-Gresik.

Garasmasar mountainous area is located at 40 km southwest of Ramsar, west of Mazandaran Province, Iran with an altitude ranging from 1580 to 2850 m. The complicated topography and habitat heterogeneity led to the formation of diverse vegetation types in the area. The field data were collected by 30 phytosociology plots with an area of 25 m2 and also field sampling. Based on this two-year samplings in this region, 426 species belonging to 211 genera and 47 families were identified. In total, dicotyledons by 349 taxa, monocotyledons by 72, pteridophyte by 3, and gymnosperms by 2 species were observed. In this area, the most richness families were Asteraceae (52 species), Poaceae (42 species), Lamiaceae (39 species), Rosaceae (34 species), Fabaceae (29 species), and Brassicaceae (28 species), respectively. The floristic composition of the area was strongly influenced by a large number of Irano-Turanian by 211 species (50%), Irano-Turanian/Euro-Siberian elements by 83 species (20%), and the pluriregional by 50 species (12%). Based on Raunkiaer life form classification, hemicryptophytes and therophytes by 58% and 19% were the dominant life forms in Garasmasar altitudes respectively. This study area is one of the most diverse and inaccessible mountainous regions on the northern slopes of the Alborz range and could be considered as a protected area in the future.

The relationship between spatial patterns of macrobenthic community characteristics and environmental conditions (dissolved oxygen, temperature, salinity, organic matter content and sediment particle size) was studied at 12 stations in Gorgan Bay (South Caspian Sea, Iran), seasonally in 2017. A total of 8803 individuals belonging to 11 families and 11 species were identified. Three species of polychaeta including Streblospio gynobranchiata, Tubificidae and Hediste diversicolor were the most dominant group in terms of abundance, making up 79.3% of all specimens. The highest density (4733 ind m-2) was observed at St. 1 while the lowest (1166 ind m-2) at St. 9. Biotic indices (i.e. AMBI, BOPA and BENTIX) were used to determine the quality of the bay. Gorgan bay is divided into two distinct zones (eastern and western regions) based on MDS analysis and ecological status. Generally, eastern part of the bay revealed the lowest abundance and biodiversity of macrobenthos. Our results suggest the effect of sediment particle size and TOM as significant parameters on distribution of macrobenthic community in Gorgan bay, South Caspian Sea.

Most of critical issues such as increase in pollution levels, sudden climatic changes and the rise of temperature in the urban area, leading to the formation of Urban Heat Islands (UHI), have been resulted from urbanization. As population density increases, most terrestrial areas become cities, and cities grow very fast. The reason to do the current study is to compare Single-Channel, SEBAL and Split-Window methods and then choose the best method for estimating land surface temperature. The objectives are as follows: Three independent studies were conducted using a series of Landsat data: (i) to land-use/land-cover (LU/LC) classification by object-oriented method and change detection; (ii) to understand the connection between particular LU/LC class and Land Surface Temperature(LST); and (iii) LST recovery using Single-Channel, SEBAL and Split-Window, as well as comparing these methods together. The results of land-use classification and change detection indicated that urban areas have increased, while agriculture has declined. The results of validation of the three temperature recovery methods demonstrated that due to using two thermal bands simultaneously, the Split-Window method functions better and in these three algorithms, water bodies and wet soils exhibit minimum surface temperatures. Due to less vegetation, areas such as deserts, saline soils and residential area display a higher surface temperature. Vegetation has always been an obstacle for heat input and inversely related to surface heat. In addition, due to fuel pollution of machinery and factory, urban areas experience high temperatures. The only gap of this study was the utilizing 5-cm surface temperature data, which was only available at airports and was not available.

Early growth and establishment success of Picea abies is poor, so ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi can be used to promote survival, establishment, as well as the growth of seedlings. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of valuable ECM fungi symbiosis and mycorrhiza helper bacteria (Bacillus cereus) on the growth of P. abies. The treatments included B. cereus, ECM fungi of Cantharellus cibarius, Amanita caesarea, Boletus edulis, three combined treatments (Bacillus + ECM fungi), and control. 2-month-old seedlings were inoculated with fungi and bacteria. Then root mycorrhization percent, morphological traits, chlorophyll content and nutrient uptake were evaluated in 15 months after plant inoculation. The results indicated that mycorrhization was significantly influenced by applied treatments. The highest (50.33%) and lowest (27.67%) mycorrhizations were obtained by B. edulis + B. cereus and C. cibarius, respectively. The combination treatments dramatically increased the plant height, stem and root dry weight, total chlorophyll, absorption of potassium and nitrogen compared to the control. The combined inoculation with B. cereus + B. edulis also resulted in an increase in K and Ca uptake as well as chlorophyll a compared to control. The lowest values for all evaluated traits except Ca uptake were obtained by control. Moreover, the highest values for all traits were observed in plants co-inoculated with B. cereus + B. edulis. In conclusion, the results suggested that the ECM fungi, especially Boletus, had a symbiosis with Norway spruce. The symbiosis was also improved by B. cereus.