نشریه جغرافیا و مطالعات محیطی
پیاپی 47 (پاییز 1402)

The purpose of this study is to prioritize urban neighborhoods with the approach of sustainable development indicators in neighborhoods of Bandar Abbas based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The research method in this research is descriptive-analytical. Library and field methods (questionnaire) have been used to obtain information. In order to prioritize the neighborhoods of Bandar Abbas based on sustainability indicators, a questionnaire of sustainable indicators in social, economic, physical and environmental dimensions was designed. Then, using the opinions of 30 experts, neighborhood prioritization was evaluated using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). For this purpose, first effective indicators in different dimensions of sustainability (economic, social, physical and environmental) have been identified and in four categories of definition and binary comparison matrix for each factor has been prepared and provided to experts. The results of the studies show that Golshahr, Azadegano Shah Hosseini neighborhoods have more stability in sustainable development indicators and Duhezar, Tohid and Nakhl Nakhoda neighborhoods have less stability than other neighborhoods of the city.

Tourism is a leading industry in the world that while developing a lot, has a great impact on countries and paying attention to its development criteria can improve the situation of tourism destinations, meanwhile branding plays a vital role for tourism growth.  Tourism destination branding includes a set of activities and programs that give nature to the tourism destination and differentiate it and strengthen the emotional connection between the tourist and the tourist destination. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of tourism criteria from the perspective of citizens and to determine the tourism brand of Shahroud from the perspective of elites; The present research is of applied type and in terms of nature and method is descriptive-analytical. Data collection is by documentary and survey methods with a statistical population of 30 people as a sample of tourism experts that after review, criteria in four dimensions of physical, economic and infrastructure symbols, cultural and social perspective and selection and weighting of indicators based on AHP done. In the other part, a researcher-made questionnaire with Cronbach's alpha of 0.893 and a statistical sample of 384 people based on the Cochran's formula, the effectiveness of tourism criteria according to people's opinion was analyzed with SPSS software.  The research area of Shahroud city is with an area of 51419 square kilometers. The research findings show that tourism in Shahroud is not in a good condition and is not at an acceptable level. Welfare and accommodation places were selected as Shahroud tourism brand.

Patterns are simulations of reality, comparisons that make it easier to see the intricacies of the real world. Each explanatory paradigm looks at human life in different ways, and each of these paradigms offers specific hypotheses about the nature of the phenomenon's reality. Creative tourism can also be mentioned as a tool to revive urban tourism. Because cities are considered as cultural systems that are formed by human and natural heritage. The purpose of this study is to explain the pattern of creative tourism in Isfahan. The prevailing approach is based on the applied goal and based on the profound nature, based on the questionnaire and the futures research approach. In order to model, first all the factors involved in the future of creative tourism in Isfahan have been prepared by studying and reviewing the research background and then by interviewing and reviewing documents and Delphi questionnaires. Snowball sampling method and 35 questionnaires were distributed among tourism elites and university professors as the statistical population of the study. Based on this, first indicators and 52 variables in 6 areas of political, social, economic, technological, environmental and physical have been identified. Then, for data processing, structural interaction analysis by Mikomak software has been used. The key factors for drawing a creative tourism model were identified and ranked, and based on this, an attempt was made to draw a suitable model for the realization of creative tourism in Isfahan.

Threats to urban areas are known today as a common phenomenon in all natural and unnatural crises. With the increase of natural crises, insecurity and destructive internal and external wars and the targeting of management and command centers, including governorates, the use of passive defense principles in locating government offices, especially governorates, becomes increasingly important. Considering the proximity of Ardabil city to the northern and northwestern borders of the country and also considering the fact that the governorate building of Ardabil city is located in the center of the city with poor access and traffic congestion, therefore, the present research aims to identify a new place to build The building of the governorate of Ardabil city has been done using indicators and principles of passive defense. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive and analytical in terms of nature. In line with the discussion framework, 23 indicators were prepared in the form of 6 components of compatibility, comfort, utility, efficiency, health and safety standards and passive defense. The collected data were weighted in the SuperDecision software, then mapped in the GIS environment and finally zoned using the TOPSIS technique.

Since the 1970s, with the turn of industrial-production capitalism to financial capitalism under the process of globalization and in sync with neoliberal approaches, global cities have witnessed the influx of capital to accumulate and reproduce it in their spaces.This movement of capital from the production sector to space has caused the spatial structure of cities to undergo extensive changes in their spatial, physical, economic, social and environmental dimensions. The consequences of privatization and commercialization of the public spaces of cities in order to reproduce as much capital as possible and space competition and polarization of space can be considered as the result of applying such attitudes. In contrast to this prevailing thinking, urban critical theories have been formed based on the fundamental criticism of these approaches and the explanation of the root causes of problems and the consequences of these approaches on urban spaces. This research, with a fundamental approach and a descriptive, analytical method, and using documentary and library studies through qualitative analysis from the perspective of critical urban theories, explains the spatial structure of Tehran and the effects of capital rule on its spaces. And in the process of spatial data analysis, it uses a spatial model (GIS). The findings of this research show that the metropolis of Tehran, both in terms of urban development plans and urban management policies, has been significantly affected by these capital-oriented approaches. And it has faced challenges such as profit-oriented urban management, polarization of the physical and social structures of the 22 districts of the city, commodification of housing, exchange of land and real estate in the open market, change of use and privatization of space.

Today's urban environments have become places with high vulnerability due to the density and accumulation of countless natural and human forces. The spread of the Covid-19 virus and its unintended consequences are seen as a wake-up call to the current urban lifestyle. Observing the physical distance between citizens is currently considered as the most effective way to prevent the further spread of the Covid-19 virus and similar epidemics. This shows the increasing role of urban environments in the control and management of human resources. The purpose of this study is to analyze the quality of the functional environment of the central area of Zanjan in the effective Encountering with the Covid-19 epidemic. The research method is descriptive-analytical and questionnaire was used to collect information. The number of statistical sample people to collect data is equal to 152 citizens of Zanjan in the central area of Zanjan. Structural equation model was used to analyze the data and SPSS and Amos Graphics software were used too. The results show that the components of land use attractiveness, land use time attractiveness, land use activity hours during the day, unnecessary centralization of land uses and variety of land uses in the quality of the functional environment in the central area of Zanjan in the face of The Covid-19 epidemic was effective. Based on this, with a suitable combination of existing land uses, it is possible to improve the quality of the functional environment in the face of the Covid-19 epidemic by reducing the crowds and crowding in the central area of Zanjan.

Urmia, as one of the cities facing rapid urbanization, has been facing urban and neighborhood development issues such as lack of sustainable development and reduction of sustainable security in recent years. Therefore, in the current research, the impact of social capital on local sustainable development is investigated with emphasis on sustainable security in Urmia city. Because investigating the impact of social capital on local sustainable development in line with urban studies can be an effective step in recognizing and creating theoretical and experimental knowledge in this field. The method of the descriptive research was correlation type and the statistical population was all high and middle level managers, assistants and specialized experts of the 5 regions of Urmia municipality in the number of 545 people, using the Cochran formula, the statistical sample of this research (226 people) was randomly sampled. selected. The tools of data collection are researcher-made questionnaires of social capital, sustainable development of neighborhoods and sustainable security. The validity of the tool is reported according to experts and reliability according to Cronbach's alpha. The method of data analysis was structural equation modeling, the results of which showed that in the main hypothesis, the direct effect of social capital on local sustainable development (0.36) and sustainable security (0.51) is positive and significant. Also, in the first hypothesis, the direct effect of social capital on the local sustainable development of the city (0.36) is positive and significant. In the second hypothesis, the impact of social capital on sustainable urban security is positive and significant (0.75). And in the third hypothesis, the impact of sustainable urban security has a positive impact on the local sustainable development of the city (0.68). Therefore, the increase of social capital in the city as a new approach and an explicitly positive view in urban management can provide the basis for achieving sustainable urban development in Urmia metropolis with stable security in the city.

Today, the concept of "right to the city" is a reaction to the accelerated process of unbalanced urban development and less thought-out plans of urban planning in order to realize and achieve a livable, dynamic and sustainable city. Making the platform of urban life more citizen-oriented, urban justice, justice-oriented urban planning and urban democracy are the basic issues of urban planning today, which the right to the city approach realizes them through the application of socio-spatial changes in the city. The current research with a practical-developmental purpose and a descriptive-analytical nature tries to evaluate the degree of realization of the indicators of the right to the city in each of the five regions of Urmia city by adopting a humanitarian background. The methods used in data collection and analysis are the use of indexing and library methods, field identification and interviews (targeted sample size) and the use of copras and shannon entropy techniques in quantitative analysis. The results of the analysis indicate that regions 2 and 4 of Urmia have the highest and lowest levels of compatibility and desirability, respectively. Finally, in order to achieve suitable conditions in the field of urban planning, coherent and purposeful proposals have been presented.

Flood-prone areas are of great importance in order to control the resulting damages, store runoff and increase underground water reserves. In this regard, it is possible to use advanced spatial methods to identify flood-prone areas and use its results in urban management planning. The purpose of the present study is to identify flood prone areas and flood potential zoning of dayyer County in Bushehr province using hierarchical analysis in GIS environment. For this purpose, based on the most important effective factors in creating floods and their weighting, the Analytical Hierarchy (AHP) method was used. After preparing the weighted maps and analyzing the criteria, by overlapping the layers, a flood zoning map was prepared and presented in dayyer County. Based on the results, the extension of the northern and northeastern elevations to the east of dayyer County and the middle elevations of the city and its center have a high flood potential. The results showed that out of the total area of 2306 square kilometers of the studied area, 204 square kilometers are in the very low vulnerability category (8.8%), 563 square kilometers are in the low vulnerability category (24%), and 694 square kilometers are in the medium vulnerability category (5.5). 30 percent), 583 square kilometers are in the high vulnerability class (25.2 percent) and 262 square kilometers are in the very high vulnerability class (11.5 percent). Considering that more than 50% of the area of the region has a medium to high risk of flood potential and the areas with a very high risk also constitute a significant area of the region, Therefore, it is necessary that flood-prone areas be the focus of urban management planning.

Floods are one of the most destructive natural disasters that endanger social and economic conditions more than any other natural disaster. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of analyzing the monthly and seasonal flood distribution in the different return periods in some river gauge stations of Ardabil Province. In this way, the data of 33 river gauge stations have been used, and the statistical period of the used data was 40 years. The EasyFit software was used to select the most appropriate statistical distribution for maximum discharge data in the return periods of 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100-year. Based on the results, it can be said that in the studied stations, about 63.63% of the floods were related to the month of April. On the other hand, based on the results of the seasonal comparison charts, it can be said that the maximum floods were related to the spring season, and in all the return periods studied, the highest amount and percentage of floods occurred in spring season. In some stations such as Yamchi, Nouran, Neneh-Karan, Mashiran, Aouughin, Derou and Pol-e-Almas, nearly 100% of the floods were related to the spring season, and this shows that the floods in Ardabil Province were of spring type. Conducting the necessary studies and watershed-based planning is necessary in southern flood-prone areas of the Ardabil province, and the possibility of flooding in the future can be reduced and its damages minimized.

During the recent decades, the loss of water and soil resources in watersheds due to their inappropriate exploitation has become increasingly intense, this issue has reduced the production and useful life of reservoirs and increased the amount of sediment production. Today, with the advancement of technology, examining the impact of projects by measuring the effective parameters and studying how to achieve the goals are part of the basic principles of project evaluation. In this study, according to the implemented mechanical and biological operations, the role of watershed operations in controlling erosion and sedimentation in the Saqezchi-chay watershed of Ardabil province was investigated and compared using the MPSIAC method before and after the operation. In this model, 9 effective factors in erosion have been considered, each of which has a score depending on its intensity and weakness, and finally, taking these scores into account, the sedimentation rate of the area is considered. The results of the research show a relative decrease in erosion and sedimentation in the area of watershed operations and, on the other hand, an increase in erosion and sedimentation in other areas without watershed operations, which indicates the positive effect of watershed operations in increasing vegetation and soil protection. Also, the implemented watershed management measures, in addition to increasing the concentration time in the watershed and groundwater feeding, have played an important role in preventing the reduction of the storage volume of the Saqezachi dam. The results indicate the effectiveness of watershed projects in reducing sedimentation in the study area; In such a way that the amount of erosion in the watershed has changed significantly.

Soil erosion is considered as a natural and human hazard in both developing and developed countries. In other words, this problem can be caused by unprincipled development and factors affecting it, such as increasing population, deforestation, and lack of attention to soil capacity, as well as caused by factors such as overgrazing, unprincipled and traditional cultivation, destruction vegetation etc.; For this reason, it is referred to as an international problem in many societies.This research has been conducted in order to evaluating hazard, zoning of areas prone to water erosion and determining the amount of soil loss in the Chehlgezi sub-basin of Gheshlagh(Vahdat) Dam, Sanandaj with the SLEMSA model and Geographic Information System and Remote Sensing.The results of hazard assessment, zoning of areas susceptible to water erosion and determination of the amount of soil loss showed that 93.15% of the sub-basin has erosion volume of 0 to 10, 2.46% of the sub-basin has an erosion volume of 10 to 20, 3.17% has an erosion volume of 20 to 50, and 1.20% has an erosion volume of 50 to 537 tons/ha/year. According to the classification of erosion rate between 0 to 10 and 10 to 20 tons/ha/year, which is classified as low and medium class, about 95.61% of the sub-basin is in the low to medium class. Therefore, according to the mentioned cases, the use of other models and the comparison with their results with this model and observational data can be effective in making management decisions in the region.