فصلنامه جغرافیا
پیاپی 77 (تابستان 1402)

The water crisis is one of the most important environmental threats of the 21st century, which leaves negative effects in various sectors of agriculture, social, economic, health, international relations, and also  the environment. This issue has caused a crisis in the political relations of the countries that have common watersheds. Therefore, due to the importance of water resources, water geopolitics or hydropolitics has become a topic and has provided the context for patterns of interaction ,and cooperation or conflict between groups, political actors and countries.The relations between Iran and Iraq have been critical for several decades due to geopolitical factors such as the water issue. Because Iraq has faced water problems in the Tigris and Euphrates river basins due to Turkey's actions. Therefore, it is expected that Iran will take preventive measures against the desired water transfer projects in the Little Zab River, Alvand and Sirvan river basins.Hor al-Azeem is the largest common border wetland between Iran and Iraq In the last two decades, with the occurrence of severe droughts, the implementation of dam construction programs and numerous drainage irrigation networks on the Karkheh River and its tributaries, unfavorable conditions have been created in terms of providing environmental water rights for this wetland, which has become a source of fine dust production. has become and as a result has caused many environmental, social, political and economic problems.

Based on the descriptive-analytical method and through the use of documents, evidence and historical evidence related to the subject of the research, this research has investigated the hydropolitical effects of Horul Azim on the environmental damage of Iran and Iraq.

The main source of water supply for Horul Azim Wetland is a part of Tigris river in Iraq and Karkheh river in Iran. One of the major problems in the Horul Azim wetland is the discussion of dam construction in the Euphrates river basins in Turkey. Considering the fact that this dam is located on the border of southeast Turkey and its construction on the Tigris River, which flows into Iraq and has made Iran's environment dependent on it, this issue is of great importance for Iran. Among other potential areas of wetland crisis, we can mention the Karkheh basin in Iran and the Tigris and Euphrates basins. The Horul Azim wetland in Iran is also damaged due to the lack of water due to the use of water from the rivers entering the wetland for agricultural purposes and the entry of sewage into it. Among the destructive actions of the Iraqi government that have caused the drying up of Horal Hamar, Central Hor and Hor al Azim. One of these measures that contributed to the accelerated drying of wetlands was the drainage measures in Iraq. Creating dams on the branches of the Tigris that irrigate Horul-Azeem and Horul-Huweza and divert the water from the main route to the routes intended by the Iraqi government so that water can be transferred for agriculture in dry areas was another measure in this field. Another challenge in the field of environment is the micro dust crisis. The important role of Hor-ul-Azeem wetland in neutralizing the storm dust that comes from the Rab-al-Khali desert towards Iran has been lost due to the drying up of this wetland. This wetland has not only lost its suction properties, but also adds to the deterioration of the fine dust situation in Khuzestan by accumulating fine-grained sediments along with very fine salt sediments on its bed, when the winds blow from the southwest to the northeast.

Horul Azim wetland is one of the most important natural Frontiers in the border region of Iran and Iraq, which is exposed to the crisis of drying up and the occurrence of social and biological phenomena in Iraq and Iran. Oil extraction by the countries of Iran and Iraq in the eastern and western parts of the wetland and not paying attention to the biological condition of the wetland has caused the pollution and drying of a large part of the wetland bed, especially in Iraq. The drying up of the wetland has caused the occurrence of dust, as well as increased migration from border cities to internal cities (Iran and Iraq) and increased air temperature in these areas, especially in summer. Also, in Iran, successive droughts and the increase in cultivated area in the Karkhe river basin (from upstream to downstream) ,and the development of fish breeding ponds have made it unable to provide the natural water rights of the wetland in the past years.

Water is one of the main elements of life and the basis of a wide range of socio-economic activities, and its lack causes serious problems in life. Population growth and the development of industrial and agricultural activities have increased the demand for water resources and turned water supply into one of the main challenges in arid and semi-arid regions. According to climatic classifications, large parts of Isfahan province have dry and semi-dry weather and the average annual rainfall is about 163 millimeters. However, this province has been faced with the increase in economic activities and population growth for the last 6 decades, which over time has led to a chronic lack of water, and since the last two decades, with the worsening of the water shortage situation, some signs of water crisis have appeared. Some of them are: the complete interruption of the flow of the Zayandehroud river in a large part of its riverbed, the complete drying of the Gavkhuni wetland in the downstream, the occurrence of subsidence in a large number of plains of the province, the unemployment of farmers in the downstream of the river, and persistent political and social protests. Therefore, identifying the factors affecting the occurrence of water crisis in the province is one of the most important steps in facing this phenomenon, and the current research seeks to identify the factors that cause this situation and rank these factors.

The present research method is descriptive-analytical, and in order to identify the factors affecting the water crisis in Isfahan province, the data was collected through the literature review. The collected affecting factors categorized into 7 main factors and 27 sub-factors. Then, they organized in the form of a questionnaire, and after that by referring to 15 experts and specialists; the initially identified factors were modified and ranked through the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique using the Expert Choice software. In this stage, the factors that based on the answers of the experts their average score was less than 3 were eliminated, and thus the final factors were reduced to 5 main factors and 16 sub-factors.

Due to its centrality in the country and due to political considerations and despite severe climatic limitations, since the last 6 decades, Isfahan province has faced the establishment of large industrial factories and the development of agriculture, followed by the increase in population and the growth of urbanization and immigration. This situation and the sharp increase in water consumption have caused the province to face a severe shortage and even signs of a water crisis. The findings of the research show that the five political, human, agricultural, industrial and climatic factors have the greatest influence on the occurrence of water shortage and crisis in the province with weights of 0.325, 0.271, 0.189, 0.124 and 0.091 respectively. Among the five identified main factors affecting the water crisis in Isfahan province, the political factor has played the biggest role. It can be said that the current state of the water crisis in the province is the result of the decisions of the political managers in the past 6 decades, which has intensified over time. Since the last two decades, some obvious signs of the water crisis have appeared in the region. The complete interruption of the flow of the Zayandehrud river in large part of its riverbed and the drying up of the Gavkhuni wetland are the most notable cases. Also the land subsidence in large number of plains even in Isfahan city, which caused damage to houses, public places and historical and touristic buildings. The unemployment rate increased among the farmers in the downstream due to the lack of sufficient water for farming leads persistent socio-political protests.  

The continuous development of industries, cities, agriculture, and the population of the province has increased the demand for water consumption and destroyed the ecological balance, and threatened the water resources. With the continuation of the increase in the establishment of industries, immigration, development of agriculture and services in Isfahan province, the situation of water shortage is intensifying over the time. It seems that in order to improve the situation, it is necessary for the policy makers to reconsider the fact that Isfahan province is an industrial hub and has the first rank in many cases of agricultural and industrial production. They should decide for the gradual transfer of high water-consuming industries and the control of immigration and revision in development plans and changing the cultivation pattern of agricultural crops towards low water-consuming crops, which are appropriate to the province's climate.

The vast territory of Iran is one of the dry and scarce water regions of the world. In this dry climate, Iranians lived for many centuries and adapted to the dry land and created a magnificent civilization based on the aqueduct mechanism and water engineering and respect for nature. This civilization was created and continued with the strategy and attitude of land-basic. However, in recent decades, due to industrial quantitative growth policies and the increasing growth of urbanism and consumer-oriented lifestyles and neglecting the principles of sustainable development and land use planning, it has faced congestion and overload, the consequences of which threaten environmental security and even civilization survival is parts of the central plateau of Iran. In such a situation and under the pressure of sanctions, Iran's ecological resilience has become very fragile. The solution is to change the strategy from an internal and land-based approach to a sea-based, coastal and external strategic approach. Therefore, the main question of research is what are the advantages of Makran region and how can its capacities be used for regional development and Iran? In response to this question, the hypothesis of the research is that Makran region, within the framework of land use planning and maritime civilization strategy, has great economic, transit, geopolitical, geo-economic, tourism and settlement advantages and opportunities that can act as a gateway of hope and development in the future of Iran.

The present research is practical in nature. This research has been done by descriptive and analytical method. The purpose of the study is to identify the challenges of development in Iran and the necessity of explaining the strategic change in the macro policies of Iran from the land-based strategic approach to the sea-based and coastal strategic approach based on the unique capacities of the Makran region. Although the study area is the whole of Iran, but due to the problem solving perspective, a special emphasis has been placed on the Makran region. The southeastern coast of Iran, which corresponds to the coast of Iran in the Oman Sea, is known as Makran coast or region. This geographic range starts from Sirik in the south of Minab and continues to the Iran-Pakistan border in the Gulf of Gwadar. This coastal area is more than 600 km long, of which about 300 km is in the south of Sistan and Baluchistan province and in the four districts of Dashtiari, Chabahar, Kanarak and Zarabad and about 300 km in Hormozgan province and in Jask and Sirik districts. These six districts and Makran coastal strip together have an area of about 32 thousand square kilometers, which is nearly three times the size of the country of Qatar and about nine times the size of the Emirate of Dubai.

Iran's territory, nation and governance system are facing many challenges, some of which have become acute. Sanctions, administrative and organizational corruption, inflation, unbalanced development and inequality, geopolitical tensions and international challenges are some of them. But among various crises, environmental instability and water tensions and ecological hazards are perhaps the most important challenges that threaten even the existence and survival of Iran's civilization. Continuous droughts and climate changes and sanctions policies and the international community's cooperation with the United States' policies against Iran have intensified the effects of environmental risks and water tensions. Self-reliance and industrial and agricultural self-sufficiency policies without absorbing new water optimization technologies and continuing to rely on the traditional agricultural system and the lifestyle of consumer-oriented urbanism and the polar urban system have strengthened Iran's sustainable challenges. In case of lifting the embargo and normalizing the relations with the countries of the world, one of the most important development plans based on land development and the adoption of a maritime strategy is to pay attention and focus on Makran's ocean coasts. The coast of Makran, which includes the cities of Dashtiari, Chabahar, Konarak, Zarabad, Jask and Sirik, is one of the less developed regions of Iran, which has not been used the abundant potentials so far. Geostrategic and strategic capacities, economic and commercial and transit capacities, extraordinary geopolitical and geo-economic position, high potentials of fishing and fishing industry, tourism capacities, the gateway to Eurasia and the connection of Central Asian republics and Afghanistan to the coastal countries of the world and close to major global markets of the Indian subcontinent and East Asia are only part of the talents of this region, which can create extensive employment and entrepreneurship. In the framework of Iran's development program based on the principles of land use planning and Iran's maritime and coastal strategy, the establishment of large urban settlements, the location of oil, gas and refining and petrochemical processing industries and export docks, investment in the fields of tourism and entertainment industries, development Connecting Makran beaches to the rail network, building an international airport city, the establishment of the Chabahar-Bandar Abbas coastal highway, and building large desalination industries are the most important infrastructures needed for development in Makran beaches. In this framework, planning and investing and attracting international funds to activate Makran's capacities can make Makran the gateway to hope and sustainable development of Iran and save Iran from its current state of reduction.

Among the long coasts of Iran, due to its direct access to ocean waters, strategic location and corridor, Makran has a very high capacity and ability for economic, industrial, service, urban and tourism development programs, which can become the gateway and driver of development of Iran. In such a way that the selection and implementation of land use planning and maritime strategy for the development of Makran coasts can not only produce security and development in the southeast of Iran; but also, it can strengthen Iran's position and international relations, generate power, save and revive Iran's civilization, which can be referred to as "the gateway of Iran's hope and development".

Today, within the framework of new urban management approaches, the optimal urban management paradigm is emphasized, and this management is seen as a suitable model to respond to the growing needs of citizens and the problems faced by cities. The investigation of the metropolitan society of Tehran shows that due to the lack of attention to the principles of political organization of space and ineffective political management of space, Tehran is currently suffering from urbanization problems. In this research, the influencing variables on the political management of space in Tehran metropolis, including political-security, geographical-communication, social-cultural and legal indicators, have been analyzed and tested on the way of political management of space in Tehran metropolis. This research is a descriptive-analytical research according to the practical purpose and in terms of the method. Variables are tested using T-test, Pearson correlation and linear regression methods. Some of the questions are designed based on the Likert scale, and some of them are two- to multiple-choice. In fact, it was tried that the questions were not directed and the researcher's opinion was not induced in them. Finally, 84 questionnaires were completed. The statistical population of this research is the managers of Tehran municipality, government managers and middle managers involved in the political organization of space, as well as academic elites and experts in the field of political management of space. This research seeks to answer the question that what are the variables affecting the political management of space in Tehran metropolis? The results indicate that there is a significant relationship between political-security, geographic-communication, social-cultural and legal variables with the political management of space in Tehran metropolis. Also, the political-security variable has the most importance, followed by the geographic-communication variable, social-cultural index and legal index.

The spatial organization of the city is the result of all human, natural and man-made forces, which have both objective and mental manifestations. Therefore, the way each city grows is influenced by many factors such as its natural limitations and facilities, the policies of planners and how land is used, and many other factors. In this regard, nowadays, knowledge of the spatial structure and shape of the city and the factors influencing their changes can be one of the important influencing factors in the success rate of urban planners and practitioners and can greatly help to improve urban environments. For this purpose, it is necessary to examine the pattern and physical-spatial structure of the city and the reasons that have governed its spatial expansion in different periods in order to prevent physical, social, environmental and economic problems and inadequacies in cities and control its expansion. Considering the importance of identifying the factors affecting the physical-spatial changes of cities, the present research was written with the aim of identifying the factors affecting the changes in the physical-spatial structure of Tabriz metropolis. The metropolis of Tabriz, as the largest city in the northwestern region of Iran, has witnessed extensive changes in its body and population from 1966 to 2016. If the population of the city has increased almost 6 times (from 289,996 people to 1,773,033 people) and the physical development of the city has increased about 16 times (from 1170 hectares to 19000 hectares). Along with this expansion in area and population, the body of the city has also undergone extensive changes, including the formation of various towers and skyscrapers in different areas of the city, as well as the settlement of more than 450 thousand people in informal settings (especially in the northern part of the city). Cited. On the other hand, with the increase in population, various issues such as increased traffic and air pollution have appeared, especially in the central part of the city, and we have witnessed the formation of new functional cores, especially service and economic ones, at different levels of the city. In this regard, it can be said that many functions that were often developed in the central areas of the city at different stages, have expanded to different levels with the prosperity of urban lands and the service sector. Therefore, identifying the influencing factors on the structural-spatial developments of the city can provide the foundations for the sustainable development of the city.

Considering that the present research seeks to identify the influencing factors on the changes in the physical-spatial structure of Tabriz metropolis, therefore, the research method is practical in terms of purpose and analytical-developmental in nature. For this purpose, first through documentary studies, indicators related to spatial-physical structure changes were extracted, and then, through questioning of the sample size, the influence of each of the indicators on spatial-physical structure changes of Tabriz metropolis was determined. Also, in order to analyze data and information, structural equation modeling method was used in AMOS software. It should be noted that the statistical population of the research included academic elites and city managers of Tabriz, and due to the unknown size of the statistical population, Cohen's formula was used at the 95% confidence level to determine the sample size.

The findings of the research show that the most important variables affecting the spatial-physical structure of Tabriz metropolis are technical-technological, economic, physical-environmental, managerial, and social-cultural, respectively, and their influence is 0.75, 0.71, 0.66, 0.58 and 0.52 based on the structural model. Also, among the sub-variables, the most influential on the changes in the physical-spatial structure of Tabriz metropolis are related to information and communication technology variables, the difference in the economic value of housing and urban land, the expansion of access (streets and passages), urban services and smart citizens, and the expansion of centers and cores. It has been a new business in the city.

In the metropolis of Tabriz, during different periods, especially after the land reforms, we have witnessed extensive changes in the spatial structure of the city. The expansion of the marginal areas, the formation of the new cities of Sahand and Shahriar, the creation of new commercial centers and residential areas, etc. are some of the developments in recent years. The changes made in some cases are evaluated positively and in some cases negatively. For example, the formation of new commercial and demographic cores (in line with the proper distribution of population and functions) is one of the positive points, and the wear and tear of some structures and infrastructures are considered negative points. It can also be said that in the metropolis of Tabriz, despite the changes in the physical-spatial structure based on influencing factors such as society, economy and the existing political and administrative system, spatial balance has not been formed and spatial inequality and polarization in the spatial structure of the city (new Tabriz in the east and old Tabriz in the center and west). For this purpose, the present research was written with the aim of identifying the influencing factors on the changes in the physical-spatial structure of Tabriz metropolis, so that by identifying these factors, preparations for development and proper planning can be made. According to the obtained results, it can be said that the most important factors affecting the spatial-physical structure of Tabriz metropolis are: technical-technological factors, economic factors, physical-environmental factors, managerial factors and socio-cultural factors. Also, in different dimensions, the impact of information and communication technology and the formation of smart urban services, the formation of commercial cores and their distribution in different levels of the city, increasing the accessibility and suitability of surrounding lands for construction, urban plans and laws, and the increase in population and intra-city relocations can be seen in the developments spatial-physical structure of the city pointed out. Therefore, by identifying the influencing factors on the spatial developments of Tabriz metropolis, plans and planning should be prepared with the approach of spatial justice in order to prevent the growth and expansion of the city and the destruction of all kinds of resources in addition to achieving spatial balance in access to all kinds of resources and facilities.

In recent years, urban regeneration has been proposed as an approach to modernize the urban environment. Sustainable urban regeneration is a comprehensive approach to restore social, physical, economic and environmental development to urban areas. Considering the important effects of urban space optimization on the quality of life of citizens, especially the disabled and disabled in public places, social relations and economic activities are essential for sustainable urban development. In this research, it has been tried to analyze the conditions of adapting the urban environment according to the physical limitations of disabled people. In this regard, library and survey methods have been used to collect data. The statistical population of this research is people with mobility disabilities and achondroplasia in the 12th district of Tehran. For this purpose, a questionnaire was completed by dwarfism and low-ability patients. The quality of the urban environment of the region was measured using a single-sample T-test, and in the next step, using the hierarchical analysis method of multiple regression, the indicators affecting the quality of the urban environment of the region were identified. The results of the one-sample T-test showed that according to the disabled residents, the quality and satisfaction of the urban environment of District 12 is not at a high level. The results of multiple regression analysis showed that at the level of physical-spatial features in the region, the sub-index of "access organization and roads" has the greatest impact on the level of citizens' satisfaction. At the level of functional-service features, the "social welfare services" sub-index has the greatest impact. At the level of content characteristics, the "environmental health" sub-index has the greatest impact.

Data collection is a library and survey method. The statistical population of this study is people with mobility and achondroplasia in District 12 of Tehran. For this purpose, a questionnaire was completed among people with disabilities and dwarfism. Using one-sample t-test, the quality of the urban environment of the region was measured and in the next step, using the hierarchical analysis method of multiple regression, the indicators affecting the quality of the urban environment of the region were identified. According to Cochran's formula, 380 people have been selected to complete the questionnaire. In this study, the independent variables are identified as individual and professional variables such as age, sex, level of education, residence status, average income, and the dependent variable of the structure of satisfaction with the quality of living environment in the form of 9 items that are related. Living in the region, these variables include satisfaction with public and green spaces, housing and activity, quality of roads and passages, adaptation and renovation measures, planning and how to provide welfare services, participation. Group of people with disabilities, job security and life process, sense of place, social relationships, satisfaction that the evaluation of these variables using the range of five Likert options is very low = 1, low = 2, to some extent = 3, high = 4, very high = 5.The data obtained in the form of questionnaire distribution were analyzed using SPSS software and to achieve the degree and difference in quality of life in the region, statistical methods such as one-sample t-test, Pearson correlation test and regression test. Multivariate is used.

The results of one-sample t-test showed that in terms of disabled residents, the quality and satisfaction of the urban environment of District 12 is not at a high level. 0, which indicates the appropriate reliability of the research tool.Success in an urban space can not be achieved unless the effective indicators are provided to the desired extent and efficient methods are proposed to solve the problems of inefficient urban spaces, the most widely used of which is the regeneration approach. Inefficient urban space can be transformed into a desirable urban space through a regeneration approach. Recreation is the development of a vision, a combination of responding to the needs of all people with their own characteristics in public design. The design of urban spaces in District 12 has been formed without considering this group of people. In designing and optimizing this area, the movement limitations of these people compared to ordinary people should be considered, so the optimization of the urban environment of District 12 can include buses, stations, stairs, sidewalks, ATMs, entrances, iron networks. , Trash, drinking water design.

The findings of the research showed that one of the shortcomings of space is the renovation and optimization of arenas and public places. For example, in order to reach a bank and use face-to-face banking services, there is a path with all kinds of obstacles to problems in the building itself and equipment (the height of counters and payment gateways for people with short stature and sitting on a wheelchair, stairs and entrance, closing the door... Functional separation and inappropriate location of banks in this area have caused problems for these people. Considering the inappropriateness of bank buildings to meet the needs of these people, it is necessary to take appropriate measures in city plans to allocate these types of uses according to the needs of disabled people. The small width of pedestrian walkways, which has a great impact on reducing the useful width of the walkways due to the presence of obstacles such as crowd traffic, potholes and protrusions, unused public telephone booths, motor traffic on sidewalks, etc., is one of the basic problems. It is physical in terms of traffic of these people. Due to the design of the doors and entrances of shopping centers, canteens, offices, etc. for ordinary people, the small capacity of elevators in smaller buildings and offices and the lack of enough space for wheelchairs, the wide width of the aisles and the presence of bridges Improper hand-made construction of the shop has made it difficult for disabled people to move around. Placement of strong bridges by government agencies in places of waterways is a necessary and basic requirement for the movement of these people, which can facilitate and encourage the presence of the elderly and people with physical disabilities in the space. The findings of the research also indicate that the public parking lots are not equipped for the needs of these people when they leave the parking lot. It is not at a high level in the public spaces of District 12 of Tehran.

In recent decades, the overpopulation of major cities has given rise to numerous issues. Meanwhile, it is essential for rural and urban settlements to interact so that a nationwide planning system could be developed. A key strategy would be to build urban-rural settlements. Several rural settlements have been urbanized in recent years, bringing about remarkable changes to people’s lives. Many of these cities were originally villages that were established for reasons such as reaching the population threshold, administrative-management requirements or the request of local residents, and for important purposes such as balancing the urban system and reducing the population concentration of metropolises and large cities, as well as creating a planning system. Such an example is changes in the residents’ quality of life. The present study aimed to evaluate the quality of life satisfactionof the residents of Masiri city, Iran after the settlement was promoted.

The statistical sample of the research is Masiri city in Fars province. The population of the study is Residents in this City. Library and field methods have been used to collect the findings. In the latter method, a researcher made questionnaire was utilized To measure the Quality of Life in the citie studied In time after the upgrade Furthermore, 368 questionnaires based on the Cochran model And in a simple random sampling method was used were distributed among the target population.Thus, validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by expert opinions via Cronbach's alpha. Therefore, given that the calculated Cronbach's alpha is more than 0/7, it can be said that questionnaire have the acceptable reliability And the internal correlation between the variables is high. Subsequently, using SPSS software and tests such as One-sample T Test, Pearson correlation, multiple regression and Chi-square The level of Satisfaction with quality of life In Masiri citie were analyzed.

The findings of the research show that the policy of turning rural areas into cities has not had a favorable effect on the quality of life in Misiri. According to the descriptive statistics and the average limit of 3 for evaluating and valuing the investigated components and items, the average satisfaction of the residents with the overall quality of life after upgrading the village to the city was 2/07, which is a low value and indicates the poor quality of life. According to the results of the Pearson correlation test, there is a significant correlation between the research components. According to this test, economic and physical-spatial indicators have the highest positive correlation with a value of 0/636, and education and social indicators have the lowest correlation with a value of 0/308. Also, the results of multiple linear regression show that there is a high correlation between the independent variables of the research and the dependent variable of quality of life, and the independent variables have a great impact in explaining the dependent variable. According to this test, economic and education variables with regression coefficients of 0/397 and 0/006 respectively have the highest and lowest impact on the quality of life variable after upgrading the settlement. Finally, the chi-square test showed that there is a relationship between the investigated variables and the quality of life in Masiri city, and the obtained results are significant and acceptable. In general, the implementation of this policy in the city of Misiri has been unsuccessful, and the residents have a very low level of satisfaction with the existing condition of their settlement after the upgrade.

Research analysis shows that in Masiri city, residents are dissatisfied with the current situation of their city after its transformation to the city and the measures taken. Their degree of satisfaction was higher, per the findings, prior to the settlement's growth. The study's findings indicate that  in the city of Masiri settlement development strategy and related actions have not been succeeded. The reasons for this, according to the locals, include Poor performance by urban organizations in enhancing access conditions and lack of proper access, an inadequate transportation system, insufficient access to petrol stations, a lack of quantity and quality of educational facilities, a lack of favorable changes in different economic areas, including resident employment and income, as well as a lack of favorable attention to the gender equality issue in the workforce.

Dikes are internal igneous structures that have penetrated their host rocks in the form of sheets. These structures are mostly caused by the ascent of magma in fractures caused by regional tensile stresses or volcanic rifts. Dikes are classified based on different criteria such as origin and formation method. Some of them are known as sheeted dikes in ophiolitic complexes. These dikes are formed in ophiolitic complexes and in the place of magma ascent channel forming pillow lavas. Some dikes in volcanic areas play a role as dikes feeding volcanic zones or dacite and rhyolitic domes. This type of dikes is called feeder dikes. Another group of them penetrated in a relatively wide area inside the fractures that were formed under the influence of a specific tectonic regime and massively in one area, which are called swarm dikes, which are the subject of this discussion. It is an article. In swarm dikes, usually their frequency distribution in the region is more than 2 dikes per square kilometer. The formation of swarm dikes is due to the action of the tensile tectonic regime in the earth's crust, before their replacement. In this case, the abundance of dikes is directly related to the maximum amount of tensile stress. Due to the existence of different ophiolitic and volcanic regions in Iran, as well as the occurrence of different orogenic phases and the application of different tectonic regimes in different geological periods in the land of Iran, different volcanic dikes were formed in its structural land areas. Of course, no comparative research has been done to compare these geomorphological complications. Therefore, in this article, the researcher seeks to introduce more swarm dikes, compare and examine their general characteristics and their formation mechanism, with references from the dikes in the north of Saveh, in the Urmia-Dakhtar zone, and the dykes of Delbar and Zarigan regions in Central Iran.

In this research, firstly, information was collected about the nature and mechanism of swarm dikes, and then a relatively large number of searches were conducted in written sources, especially researches and theses, about swarm dikes in Iran. The statistical population of this research is all the swarm dikes of Iran, which were chosen from among the types of these dikes due to the abundance of dikes in two geo-structural zones, Urmia-Dakhtar and Central Iran. And finally, a comparative study related to the general characteristics, time of formation and comparison of the formation mechanism and geodynamic model of these dikes with the formation mechanism and geodynamic model of other typical swarm dikes of the world has been done.

From the geodynamic point of view, the swarm dikes in the north of Saveh follow a relatively regular and parallel linear arrangement, which is generally in the same direction as the general trend of the faults in the region and has a general trend of northwest, west-southeast, east. According to the studies of Ernst et al. (1999), the swarm dikes in North Saveh, which is a part of the Urmia-Dakhter structural zone dikes, can be considered swarm type IV dikes. which are caused by the creation of regional stress areas. According to Huo's (2012) studies, swarm dikes in Delbar area can be considered similar to parallel dikes, which they call parallel Fuji dykes with a linear pattern in a range They have been formed with a relatively limited extent and under the influence of regional stresses resulting from the primary back-arc caftic tension caused by the subduction of the Neotethys oceanic lithosphere under the continental lithosphere of central Iran. From the geodynamic point of view, swarm Zarigan dikes follow an irregular linear arrangement. shows that there is no significant relationship between the trend of faults in the studied area and the direction of their establishment (northwest, west-southeast, east). According to the studies of Ernst et al. (1999), these swarm dikes, which are part of the swarm dikes of the structural zone of Central Iran, are similar to V-type swarm dikes. which are caused by the creation of regional tension areas.

There are many geomorphological phenomena known as mass dikes in different geological zones of Iran. which are different from each other in terms of age of formation, formation mechanism and type of constituent rocks. Comparative studies of Swarm dikes in two structural zones of Urmia--Dokhtar and Central Iran show that their age ranges from Cambrian to Oligomiocene and their lithological composition varies from basic to acidic rocks. And in the three studied areas, it mainly includes andesite, basaltic, gabbro, gabbro diorite and alkali gabbro rocks. Geological stresses affecting their formation have been different in different regions. According to Ernst's classification, Swarm dikes in North Saveh are classified as type IV dikes and Swarm dikes in Delbar and Zarigan area are classified as type V dikes. And according to Hou's classification, the dikes of all three regions follow a linear pattern. The mechanism of formation of dikes in all three regions is related to subduction and ascent of magma in fractures caused by subduction.

Dikes are internal igneous structures that have penetrated their host rocks in the form of sheets. These structures are mostly caused by the ascent of magma in fractures caused by regional tensile stresses or volcanic rifts. Dikes are classified based on different criteria such as origin and formation method. Some of them are known as sheeted dikes in ophiolitic complexes. These dikes are formed in ophiolitic complexes and in the place of magma ascent channel forming pillow lavas. Some dikes in volcanic areas play a role as dikes feeding volcanic zones or dacite and rhyolitic domes. This type of dikes is called feeder dikes. Another group of them penetrated in a relatively wide area inside the fractures that were formed under the influence of a specific tectonic regime and massively in one area, which are called swarm dikes, which are the subject of this discussion. It is an article. In swarm dikes, usually their frequency distribution in the region is more than 2 dikes per square kilometer. The formation of swarm dikes is due to the action of the tensile tectonic regime in the earth's crust, before their replacement. In this case, the abundance of dikes is directly related to the maximum amount of tensile stress. Due to the existence of different ophiolitic and volcanic regions in Iran, as well as the occurrence of different orogenic phases and the application of different tectonic regimes in different geological periods in the land of Iran, different volcanic dikes were formed in its structural land areas. Of course, no comparative research has been done to compare these geomorphological complications. Therefore, in this article, the researcher seeks to introduce more swarm dikes, compare and examine their general characteristics and their formation mechanism, with references from the dikes in the north of Saveh, in the Urmia-Dakhtar zone, and the dykes of Delbar and Zarigan regions in Central Iran.

In this research, firstly, information was collected about the nature and mechanism of swarm dikes, and then a relatively large number of searches were conducted in written sources, especially researches and theses, about swarm dikes in Iran. The statistical population of this research is all the swarm dikes of Iran, which were chosen from among the types of these dikes due to the abundance of dikes in two geo-structural zones, Urmia-Dakhtar and Central Iran. And finally, a comparative study related to the general characteristics, time of formation and comparison of the formation mechanism and geodynamic model of these dikes with the formation mechanism and geodynamic model of other typical swarm dikes of the world has been done.

From the geodynamic point of view, the swarm dikes in the north of Saveh follow a relatively regular and parallel linear arrangement, which is generally in the same direction as the general trend of the faults in the region and has a general trend of northwest, west-southeast, east. According to the studies of Ernst et al. (1999), the swarm dikes in North Saveh, which is a part of the Urmia-Dakhter structural zone dikes, can be considered swarm type IV dikes. which are caused by the creation of regional stress areas. According to Huo's (2012) studies, swarm dikes in Delbar area can be considered similar to parallel dikes, which they call parallel Fuji dykes with a linear pattern in a range They have been formed with a relatively limited extent and under the influence of regional stresses resulting from the primary back-arc caftic tension caused by the subduction of the Neotethys oceanic lithosphere under the continental lithosphere of central Iran. From the geodynamic point of view, swarm Zarigan dikes follow an irregular linear arrangement. shows that there is no significant relationship between the trend of faults in the studied area and the direction of their establishment (northwest, west-southeast, east). According to the studies of Ernst et al. (1999), these swarm dikes, which are part of the swarm dikes of the structural zone of Central Iran, are similar to V-type swarm dikes. which are caused by the creation of regional tension areas.

There are many geomorphological phenomena known as mass dikes in different geological zones of Iran. which are different from each other in terms of age of formation, formation mechanism and type of constituent rocks. Comparative studies of Swarm dikes in two structural zones of Urmia--Dokhtar and Central Iran show that their age ranges from Cambrian to Oligomiocene and their lithological composition varies from basic to acidic rocks. And in the three studied areas, it mainly includes andesite, basaltic, gabbro, gabbro diorite and alkali gabbro rocks. Geological stresses affecting their formation have been different in different regions. According to Ernst's classification, Swarm dikes in North Saveh are classified as type IV dikes and Swarm dikes in Delbar and Zarigan area are classified as type V dikes. And according to Hou's classification, the dikes of all three regions follow a linear pattern. The mechanism of formation of dikes in all three regions is related to subduction and ascent of magma in fractures caused by subduction.

On August 1914, the world war(I), which had been prepared for years, began between the allies’ forces (France, U.K and Russia) and the allied countries (Germany, Austria and Ottoman). Themurder of the Austrian crown prince by a Serbian patriot was the pretext for starting the war; But the main reason was the interests conflict between European countries that felt threatened by the political-military developments of Germany and Austria and provided the ground for starting the war. Gradually, the influence of World War(I) in Europe spread to other parts of the world, including Iran, and Iran, as a neutral country, was damaged as much as the countries involved in the war and even more. Regarding the causes of Iran's violation of neutrality in the First World War, several studies have been conducted from the perspective of economic and political components. However, in these studies, the categorization of geopolitical factors affecting the violation of Iran's neutrality has been less discussed. In this regard, has been attempted to describe the development of the World War(I) based on classical geopolitical approach perspective. Then, while explaining the components of the concept of political neutrality of countries in international conflicts, an attempt has been made to categorize the causes of Iran's neutrality violations in the First World War from the perspective of classical geopolitics.

Regarding the extensive use of inferential methods in historical geopolitical studies in this paper, while referring to related historical documents and books; The geopolitical indicators of Iran's neutrality violation were extracted and categorized into three thematic axes of geostrategic, geoenergy and geo-culture. Then in each of these geopolitical issues; A chain of related requirements that caused Iran's neutrality position to be violated by great powers involved in war; has been studied.

In this regard, during the World War(I), Iran had the geographical ability to become Germany's second front in Asia against Russia and U.K and to be a base for invading India. Also, with the Germany and Ottomans influence in the north-west of Iran and subsequently by imposing military pressure on the southern front of Russia, this action could reduce the intensity of Russian attacks and military movements on the European front against the German forces. On the other hand, Germany could invade India through the Iran’s territory and its Ottoman ally; capture the military center and economic support of England and reduce the British army pressure in Europe. On the other hand, Iran during the 19th century; It was geopolitically important for U.K only because of its border with India. But with the discovery of oil in Iran; The oil reserves in south west of Iran became a vital issue for U.K. At the beginning of the 20th century, Germany's shipbuilding program was extremely annoying for U.K. Because this empire was inevitably forced to change their fuel from coal to oil in order to upgrade the seafaring technology and ships operational capacity. While U.K had enough coal reserves; But oil has to be bought from outside this country and therefore Iranian oil found its strategic importance for this country. Therefore, the pressure on U.K interests, especially the risk of oil-rich areas in southern Iran and threats possibility to India's economic exchanges; It prompted the British government to find a solution to this problem. Therefore, in 1915, U.K created a force called "Southern Police" (S.P.R.) in Iran. Another effective factor in interests pursuing of countries present in the world war(I) was their instrumental use from religious and national beliefs of the people in order to achieve their goals. This policy was effective in violating Iran's neutrality in this war. Especially, the Ottomans king considered himself as “Caliph of the Muslims”, and tried as much as possible to use from Muslim people religious feelings for their geopolitical goals. In this regard, the empire king encouraged religious scholars to issue “fatwa of jihad”. Also, the German government tried to unite Iran and the Ottomans in the direction of their goals by promoting the unity discourse of Shiites and Sunnis in Islamic world.

World War (I) began in a period when Iran was in a weak state in terms of political and security conditions. Each of the belligerent countries in the war had their own geopolitical interests in Iran's territory. Therefore, Iran's government weakness and a set of requirements related to Iran's geostrategic position, including its neighborhood with Ottomans and Russia, were effective in violating Iran's neutrality. Also, oil resources existence in the southwest of Iran, which provided the fuel important part for the British war machine, and also the use from the part of social and cultural forces in Iranian society by the governments involved in the war for their own benefit, made ineffective the Iran's neutrality policy in this war.