فصلنامه پژوهش های جغرافیای انسانی
پیاپی 125 (پاییز 1402)

Throughout history, cities have often been able to withstand and recover from environmental shocks and stresses; however, due to the growing trend of urbanization, increased migrations from urban to rural areas, and the problems of suburbanization, these issues have become more frequent. Realizing the goals of participatory planning can help improve the sense of belonging, social capital, and interactions among individuals and groups. In return, this can contribute to the formation and improvement of the components of social resilience via active and real participation. As such, the specification of the components of participatory planning through the social resilience approach is highly significant. In the contemporary literature on resilience, this concept is considered a key dimension of sustainable development and is defined as the ability and readiness of cities to respond to and recover from significant changes, risks, and disasters with minimal damage to public health, community and economy. Social resilience involves a paradigmatic change in the mentality of citizens about their problems, the community's perception of risks and therefore, the adoption of a new approach toward interventions required for solving those problems and mitigating risks. Civil participation and social support can significantly impact local communities' resilience by increasing individuals' understanding of themselves and engaging them in decision-making processes. In addition, the support of local and governmental authorities and proper access to available resources can increase social welfare and communal readiness against future risks. However, any attempt at providing the right conditions must be tailored to local needs, and stakeholders need to become aware of and understand the complexities of urban systems. Despite recent scholarly attempts to identify the components of participatory planning to achieve resilience, few, if any, comprehensive and integrated studies have been carried out so far. Therefore, this research aims to bridge this fundamental gap.

This research is quantitative in terms of the used data, systematic in terms of its analysis structure, and applied in terms of the intended purpose. The methodology involved PRISMA and a systematic literature review on participatory planning and social resilience. In this type of review, a systematic and transparent method is used to identify, select, and critically evaluate all relevant research and collect and analyze data from existing studies. PRISMA is equivalent to reporting preferred materials for systematic review and meta-analysis frameworks. These frameworks are a comprehensive map based on which systematic review is performed. Resources are subsequently searched when the frameworks required for data collection are defined. Next, the target criteria are identified in the selected articles using PRISMA and combined and displayed. Among the 248 initial articles selected for systematic review in this study, 31 explicitly covered the main components of participatory planning and social resilience. In the final stage, thematic analysis was exerted to determine the objectives via open coding and the latent codes of the articles. The finalized sources were coded using MAXQDA Pro 2020, focusing on the research question. During the thematic analysis, concise codes were extracted from the texts by scrutinizing the lines, main phrases, and words to form concepts. In cases where the concepts had a shared ground, they were merged to form categories.

This study aimed to identify the components of participatory planning via the social resilience approach and develop a comprehensive concept by combining the two components. A total of 215 codes were identified in the selected articles, which were developed into 20 concepts and 6 categories. The main categories were skills and empowerment of residents, potentials of local communities, sustainable recovery, synergy of institutions, social capital, and integrated and transparent participation. The concepts of trust building, increasing awareness, empowerment of residents, and crisis response were the most frequent ones. This is indicative of the multifaceted structure of resilience.

The results of this research showed that there is a significant relationship between the components of participatory planning, social resilience, and the main categories. The components of participatory planning via the social resilience approach include skills and empowerment of residents, potentials of local communities, sustainable recovery, synergy of institutions, social capital, and integrated and transparent participation. Trust building and awareness, constituting 51.61% of the references, and empowerment of residents and crisis response, constituting 48.39% of the references, were the most frequent concepts. This shows that resilience has a multifaceted structure, and it can be achieved if all the dimensions are properly addressed. The realization of participatory planning for increasing social resilience requires building trust, one of the most important aspects of human relations and a basic requisite for participation and cooperation among society members. Crises result from interactions between humans and the environment. These interactions are inexhaustible, as are the crises resulting from these interactions. Although the severity of these crises can be reduced, certain issues persist, such as economic problems, population growth, lack of control land use, lack of insurance for urban sprawl, suburban development problems, inadequate social structures, and non-compliance with the technical requirements of construction. These issues can lead to major crises in societies when they are accompanied by natural disasters such as earthquakes and floods. Therefore, for communities to become resilient, their social problems must be properly addressed, and their physical and social structures need to be strengthened.

Ecosystems provide a variety of services to human communities and other organisms, directly or indirectly. Trees, as one of the key elements of the environmental landscape of rural areas, provide a wide range of cultural, supply, regulation, and support services in ecological, social, cultural, and economic dimensions for humans, creatures, and rural environments. Also, trees play a vital role in providing timber and crops such as fruit, providing shelter for living organisms, creating biodiversity, reducing the effects of natural hazards, absorbing carbon dioxide, protecting soil health, regulating climate, and consequently reducing environmental pressures. They also provide different socio-cultural services to rural communities by providing a fresh perspective for recreation and human well-being. In general, the ecosystem services of trees can play an essential role in creating a thriving and healthy ecosystem, improving mental and physical health, promoting the welfare of rural citizens, and increasing the sustainability and viability of rural settlements. In recent years, due to the increasing human activities in rural settlements, the economic dimension is preferred to the ecosystem services, which can lead to reducing ecosystem services and the destruction of favorable rural landscapes. This problem can be seen in the rural settlements of tourism destination in Binalood city of Razavi Khorasan province. So, performing human activities in this area (such as the expansion of tourism infrastructure) and the lack of basic land management have led to the neglect of the many values of trees.Therefore, with the increasing trend of environmental degradation in recent decades, the evaluation of services has grown in importance. In this regard, rural communities, as a major group of stakeholders, have interacted with nature for decades or centuries. Since the historical interaction between socio-cultural and natural systems has influenced the formation of valuation and attitude of rural stakeholders towards trees, it is necessary to evaluate the ecosystem services of trees and focus on understanding and valuing rural stakeholders toward the ecosystem services of trees. So, understanding local priorities and perspectives on tree ecosystem services has always been a concern for related rural managers and decision-makers. In this regard, this study aims to analyze the ecosystem services of rural landscape trees based on the perception of local communities in Binalood city of the Razavi Khorasan province.

The present research is descriptive-analytical and applied in terms of methodology. The goal of this research is the evaluation of ecosystem services of rural landscape trees based on the perception of local communities in rural areas of Binalood city. To achieve the research goal, the data was collected through the documentary and survey methods. In this regard, the questionnaire was completed in the form of 5 indicators and 16 items with a Likert scale, and related data was analyzed by SPSS software (Friedman, Yeoman-Whitney, and Pearson statistical tests). To operationalize the research, the sample size was calculated by Cochran's formula. The statistical population of the current research includes 183 people from rural households in 6 rural settlements of Binalood city. Therefore, the level of analysis of the present study is the village and the unit of analysis is the rural households.

According to the results of this study, among the participants, 15 people were in their 20s, 46 people were in their 30s, 46 people were in their 40s, and the remainder were above 50. In terms of occupation, 13.5% were housewives, 23.7% were workers, 56.3% were farmers, and 6.5% had retail jobs. Regarding education, 24% were illiterate and elementary, 55.2% had a diploma, and 20.8% had a bachelor's degree or higher.

The results of the research indicated that the valuation of tree ecosystem services by local communities in the study area has varied based on the views and needs of local people and some variables including gender, occupation, level of education, and monthly income. The results of the Pearson correlation test showed that there was a positive correlation relationship between the job variables of the participants and the indicators of "supply products", "aesthetic value", and "sense of place" due to the significance level of alpha (below 0.05), and according to the type of their job, their attitude and valuation of tree ecosystem services was different. In addition, there is a positive correlation between the average annual income of participants and the indicators of "supply products ", "aesthetic value", "recreational performance", and "sense of place". Also, there is a significant relationship between the age variable of participants and the indicators of "quality of environmental resources" and "recreational performance", and there is a positive correlation between the gender variable and the indicators of "aesthetic value" and "recreational performance". Finally, the variables of education level and "aesthetic value" have a positive correlation. This means that with the increase in the level of education of the local people, in the rural settlements of Torghabeh district, the value of trees in terms of aesthetics also increases, and rural educated people believe more in the role of landscape trees in beautifying the rural environment.Moreover, according to the results, the highest average indices of tree ecosystem services were allocated to Kang and Azghad villages in the Torghabeh district of the Razavi Khorasan province. Also, there is a significant difference between farmers and Tourism employeesof sample villages in terms of the valuation of tree ecosystem services. Farmers evaluated the trees' ecosystem services in the field of "maintaining the quality of environmental resources", "creating a sense of spatial belonging", and "aesthetic value of trees". Finally, women have a higher average rank than men in the sample villages of the research. Therefore, the group of women allocated a higher value to the trees compared to men.

The city is a complex set of physical and social spaces formed gradually over time as living beings. They always go through a life cycle in their evolution. However, it has accelerated in recent decades, and it has caused the uncontrolled expansion of cities, bottlenecks, problems, and complexities in cities. In this regard, one of the most important ways out of this situation is to identify local citizenship and, consequently, establish the city law to achieve prosperity, equality, social justice, etc. The burden of a right-based approach to the city to benefit all citizens’ equal opportunities in enjoying urban gifts. Based on this, in the present study, the desirability of urban space in realizing the right to a city in Urmia has been explained. In order to examine the significant status of the desirability of urban space in the realization of the right to the city, the priorities to pay attention to the factors of the realization of the right to the city at the level of Urmia are determined

The type of research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of data collection. Data collection has been done in both library and field forms. In this study, 44 indicators of utility in 11 dimensions (safety, security, readability, accessibility, comfort, diversity, identity, meaning, interactions, vitality, participation) and 43 indicators of the right to the city in 10 dimensions (security, communication, recreation, physical, control, decision-making, space production, organization, social inclusion, justice-transparency) in Smart PLS environment have been analyzed to examine the level of significance. In the next step, the importance-performance of utility indicators in realizing the right to the city is analyzed using the IPA model to determine the level of difference in the importance-performance of the components. It is worth mentioning that based on this, a sample of 20 experts was selected using the snowball (targeted) method. Also, to ensure the validity of the metrics, a questionnaire was sent to five expert professors, and after receiving the corrective opinions of the experts, a questionnaire was developed. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was calculated to verify the reliability of the research data, which was reported to be over 80%.

In the method of structural equations, the validity of structures and reliability and validity are checked before analyzing the effectiveness of indicators. In the present study, all factor loadings of the research are higher than 0.4 and the minimum acceptable. Also, the reliability of the composition was more than 0.7, and (AVE) as a convergent validity index was more than 0.5. Cronbach's alpha coefficient has also been reported as one of the methods for measuring the internal consistency of the questionnaire above 0.7. Thus, based on the calculated validity and reliability, it can be concluded that the research has the appropriate number of components. Fitting with the three methods of validity of the explained variance share (R2) more than 0.4, the predictive power of the model (Q2) more than 0.25, the strength of the structural model (GOF) more than 0.4 indicates the acceptability of the implemented model. At the same time, the current findings from the IPA model indicate a mismatch between the importance and performance of the indicators because the difference in importance and performance has varied from -3.1 meeting the needs to the value of +1 traffic improvement, distribution of transportation stations, and organizing defenseless and blind spaces.

The results obtained from SMART PLS fitting with three methods of validity sharing of variance (R2), predictive power (Q2), and structural model strength (GOF) have been reported at the ideal and desirable level and indicate the confirmation of the type of utility relationship in the right to the city. However, the results of the IPA model have shown that there has been a big difference between the level of importance of utility indicators and the amount of performance performed in the city, so low priority is given to high-importance indicators, and 48% of the abundance of indicators are located in this area, while the second area (continuation of the trend), which was a chart of the relevant officials' understanding of the issue of the right to the city, 36.36% is in second place in terms of abundance. Therefore, based on the results of research on indicators that meet the needs of citizens, the possibility of the presence of society in the city (especially disabled people), responsibility, belonging, adaptation, and legalization of citizens should be given priority. In this regard, it should be noted that when successful, urban policies and programs take steps to fulfill the needs and desires of the citizens and that their interests be prioritized. For this purpose, smart urban growth policies and smart cities can be put on the agenda to meet the needs of citizens with the least cost and short time. On the other hand, e-government and smart city policies provide 24-hour and online access to services without physical presence. Considering that the city should belong to all sections of society, and all groups, regardless of age, gender, and health status, can be present in society. A safe and favorable environment must be provided for these groups; therefore, it is necessary to create a safe, favorable environment and provide urban furniture for different classes that are usable for disabled people and pay attention to urban adaptation for all groups.

The urban transportation system is one of the most important and sensitive infrastructures of urban development, which requires special attention for its development and exploitation. Urban transportation is known as one of the biggest infrastructural challenges facing big cities. During the occurrence of incidents such as floods, storms, tsunamis, terrorist operations, the role of the road network in traffic, transportation and relief will be much more prominent and vital than in normal conditions. As a result of these incidents, the transportation infrastructures suffer fundamental problems, in the provision of service or total failure, their vulnerability analysis is very important. The vulnerability of the transportation network includes terrorist attacks and natural disasters, which reduce the service level of the transportation network. All these events are considered unusual events, which happen in the transportation network with different possibilities, and the consequences of their occurrence are also different.Accidents, from the point of view of vulnerability in the transportation system, are those events that cause disruption in traffic. These events can be natural, sudden, and unpredictable, such as severe adverse weather or terrorist activities, all of which affect network performance. The common feature of all these incidents is that they all cause negative effects on the service of the road network. In other words, an incident is an event, which directly or indirectly causes a significant decrease in the service of an arc/route/road in the network. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the urban transportation system using Transcode software in the urban road network from the point of view of crisis management during evacuation.

The current research is descriptive and analytical in terms of its methodology and in terms of purpose, it is practical-developmental. In this research, based on the modeling of the transportation network in Transcode specialized software, a method for prioritizing the role of roads in the urban road network during evacuation is proposed. For this reason, the travel time of the entire network has been used as a measure to determine the efficiency and effectiveness of the transportation network. Considering 16 scenarios, the demand matrix was obtained for the discharge conditions of Isfahan's transportation network, using the gravity model, with one limitation. Then, traffic allocation was done using Transcode software, and according to the mentioned process, the designated routes; respectively removed from the network and the allocation process was done. 30% of the city's population is considered to determine the number of people who travel out of the city every hour. According to the population and housing statistics of 2016, the average household population in urban areas is about 3.5 people.In this research, first, the shortest routes between origins and destinations were calculated using TransCAD software, and origin-destination matrices were created based on 30% of people who intend to leave the city during the crisis. Then the outputs were removed from the network, respectively, and the traffic allocation process was done using software; In order to perform traffic allocation, limited software’s are used, and in this study, TransCAD 4.5 software was used, which is one of the most updated and famous specialized software’s for transportation engineering. To perform traffic allocation, using TransCAD software, it is necessary to introduce the road network, the origin-destination demand matrix, and then the performance function to the software, and after that, the software performs the allocation operation, and the outputs, it includes the balance flow of each arc in each direction, the travel time of each arc in each direction, the ratio of volume to capacity of each arc and etc.In order to implement this process, first the passages and their intersection points are called in the software environment; Then, the transportation network and its characteristics will be defined; At this stage, the centers of the traffic areas, the status of inactive or blocked roads, the status of circulations at the crossing points of the roads, etc. will be determined. In the next step, the construction of the source-destination matrix will be done at the time of the crisis, in which the population parameters of the districts, the distance of each district to the exit destinations of the city, and the number of people who will be sent to the exit points every hour will be done., is used.After this stage, it comes to the traffic allocation process, in which, using the travel time-volume functions, which are built based on the characteristics of the roads, people's trips will be allocated through different routes from their origins to their destinations found, and the traffic volume of each passage will be determined.

The allocation results showed that exit 3657 (Nain Road) has the most time spent in the entire transportation network, in one hour, and using a 30% matrix, compared to the base scenario. Also, the outlets were ranked in terms of the total length of the arcs, with a volume exceeding the capacity, and twice the capacity, and it was determined that the outlet 4639 (Azadrah Zob Ahan) is in the first place. The scenarios were ranked based on the cost of traffic facilities and services, in millions of Rials per hour (30% matrix), and it was found that scenario 4639 (Zob Ahan Freeway) ranked first, and scenario 2003 (Zainbiye Boulevard (Habib Abad Road)) ranked last.

This study showed that, when a crisis occurs, there is access to transportation for the residents of Isfahan metropolis, which in order of time spent, the Nain road exit scenario shows the most time spent compared to other scenarios, and the residents of the city can use outputs that have less time spent than other outputs in the network. Finally, suitable solutions for use in the field of urban transportation were presented; these solutions include:- Preventing the blocking of standard and safe exits, to evacuate the population and timely arrival of relief forces, in times of crisis. It is possible to use a similar method to identify parallel routes in order to provide relief services or evacuate the population in the city of Isfahan. Considering the appropriate emergency evacuation route for crowded places, such as subway stations, passenger terminals, uneven intersections, underground tunnels, etc. Determining and equipping emergency evacuation routes, as well as alternative routes, for routes that are likely to be damaged, for the rapid evacuation of the city population, and its different areas, with logical methods, and testing it by conducting appropriate maneuvers to educate citizens. Informing, educating the public and conducting appropriate maneuvers to train citizens for emergencies with a relatively realistic simulation of specific threats.

In the past, architecture and urban planning always interacted with their surrounding environment, while today, on the one hand, due to the increase in population and excessive growth of cities, and on the other hand, due to the application of market taste and profit-seeking of individuals, the field of this interaction is separated. Cities with heterogeneous faces and disproportionate to the surrounding environment have been created. In such a situation, the complex economic and technical developments after the Industrial Revolution and the production of new architectural methods caused a rapid increase in population, a lack of housing, and an increasing need for the spatial development of cities. The necessity of vertical development and the construction of tall buildings became more important, and the policy of mass housing production in the form of residential complexes was proposed. Tabriz experiences a high population and urbanization rate due to the centrality of East Azarbaijan province and the accumulation of a wide range of facilities and services. In such a situation, land stock exchange and rent-seeking, failure of the planning system, economic duality, and growth poles have resulted in a lack of land and increased land prices. Continuing such issues and replacing multi-family houses, such as residential complexes, with different typologies instead of single-family houses has led to neglecting the background and underlying values in the construction process of different residential complexes. In this situation, the city grew gradually and haphazardly, resulting in a diverse and disconnected population without a clear identity.According to the above, the possibility that different residential complexes have different effects on contextual dimensions has been proposed as a research hypothesis. Also, the present research seeks to answer the following main question:- What is the impact of different types of residential complexes on each of the dimensions of contextualism?The present study aims to analyze the effect of residential complexes classification on context orientation in Tabriz, and tries to identify residential complexes that have a more favorable situation in terms of context orientation and also identify the most critical dimensions and components affecting it and provide solutions to create a desirable living environment.

The current research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of nature and method, it is analytical and field in a mixed way. The statistical population of the research is the residents of Fateh residential complexes (peripheral type; Region 2), Pardis (linear type; Region 1), Fajr (scattered type; Region 3), Chamran (peripheral type; Region 4), Golpark (linear type; Region 1)., Sattarkhan (dispersed species; Region 4), Zomorod (concentrated species; Region 3), Irdak (superblock species; Region 1), Tavus (superblock species; Region 4), and Sepidar (concentrated species; Region 3) of Tabriz with a number of 13,873 is a person, which due to the large size of the population, the sample size was estimated to be 374 people based on Cochran's formula and considering the confidence level of 95% and the acceptable error of 5%. Among these, due to the low participation rate of residents of residential complexes and the large number of questions in the questionnaire, the confidence level decreased to 93% and the error rate increased to 7%, thus 150 people (15 people out of every 10 residential complexes) using the sampling method Random-cluster were selected.The face validity method was used to determine the validity of the questionnaire, and Cronbach's alpha method was used to measure the reliability of the questionnaire. And this amount is equal to 0.85, which indicates the good reliability of the variables. In order to check the existence of a significant relationship, mean and regression tests were used in SPSS software, and at the end, the path analysis model was drawn based on the regression coefficients.

The results of the analysis of the averages show that the highest average amount is related to the physical dimension with 3.18%, the obtained result confirms the necessity of comprehensive attention to the physical aspects of the place and realistic analysis and recognition of the design base in terms of physicality. Also, the highest average amount of contextualism among different types of residential complex is related to superblock type. As expected, considering that Irdak and Tavus residential complexes (superblocks) are in a more favorable condition in terms of readability, materials, access, residents' participation, environment, etc.; the degree of adaptation of the complexes to the context has increased and the findings of the research confirm this. On the other hand, the findings of the research show that the lowest average amount of contextualism is related to the scattered type, it should be noted that the point distribution of Fajr and Sattarkhan residential complexes (scattered type) has led to the diminution of the role of the context in the design of the complexes. The findings from the analysis of the path model showed that the impact of environmental species on contextualism was more than other species, which is due to the high coefficients of natural and physical dimensions of contextualism in the mentioned species. Also, in order to adapt more to the background and context, the cultural and historical dimensions of contextualism of the environmental species should be strengthened. Also, the impact of the historical dimension on contextualism is more than other dimensions, in which the importance of the role of the identity component in the historical dimension is more important. The analysis of the results of the regression test indicates that the greatest influence on contextualism is related to the natural dimension with a coefficient of 0.487. In justification of this, it can be said that the natural dimension, by including issues such as adaptation to climatic conditions and respect for nature and the environment, in addition to playing a fundamental role in providing the comfort of the residents' lives, also seeks the sustainability of the built environment and the improvement of the level of harmony with the environment.

The most important results of this research are as follows; when designing residential complexes, in addition to the historical dimension (historical buildings, place identity and collective memories, continuity of urban space, principles of the past and native authenticity), especially the component of place identity, the readability component of the physical dimension, the coordination component of cultural dimension, and the component of respect for the environment of the natural dimension, should also be taken into consideration by architects and urban planners.

Throughout history, nature has always exhibited its harsh face to human beings via destructive phenomena like avalanches, floods, volcanoes, earthquakes, etc. These disasters and dangers are part of life, always threatening humankind. With the human societies’ intellectual growth as well as the understanding of the causes of accidents, human being strived to find ways to deal with and reduce risks.Given its proximity to the active fault in the north of Karaj metropolis (Iran) and its unbalanced development, as well as its migrability, this city has old, worn-out, and marginalized structures, particularly in the areas adjacent to its potential northern fault.In recent years, the establishment of crisis management support bases has been placed on the agenda of the metropolises’ organizations for crisis prevention and management. One of the significant things prior to establishing these bases is to study, check, and select the suitable geographical location for establishing this type of application. This is an applied research in terms of purpose, carried out by descriptive-analytical method.In the present research, it is tried to examine the effective factors and criteria to identify the suitable place for the establishment of the central crisis management support base in city of Karaj through using the available resources.The current research is mainly aimed at investigating the feasibility of establishing a central crisis management support base in Karaj metropolis and selecting the most appropriate place to establish this base.This study seeks to answer the questions below:1- What are the effective parameters and factors of location to optimally select the location of the central crisis management support base in Karaj metropolis?2- Where is the most suitable place to establish the central crisis management support base in Karaj metropolis?

In the present study, we were aimed at finding the best location for establishing the central crisis management support base in Karaj metropolis.Initially, the current situation of Karaj metropolis was investigated from the physical and social viewpoints. Subsequently, using library studies as well as the crisis management experts and scholars’ opinions, the factors and parameters effective in the optimal location of the central crisis management support base in Karaj metropolis were identified. Moreover, the privacy and criteria for each of the identified layers in locating the bases were considered to accordingly identify the appropriate locations for the establishment of the central crisis management support base in Karaj.Furthermore, AHP model was employed to specify each of the criteria’s importance and value and effective elements in decision-making; the weight of each of the decision elements was also determined by Hierarchical Analysis Process method and Expert Choice software. Finally, combining the layers led to obtaining the general location map of the central crisis management support bases in Karaj metropolis.

After specifying the effective natural and human criteria, these criteria were weighted through using the pairwise comparison technique (analytical hierarchy process/AHP) and the Expert Choice software.In the following step, all information layers were combined in the Geographical Information System (GIS) and the location map of the central crisis management support base in Karaj was classified into five classes (strongly suitable, suitable, medium, unsuitable, and strongly unsuitable) and five positions were introduced as the recommended places to establish this base.The eastern region of Karaj was classified in the unsuitable to medium range in terms of creating the crisis management support base.The base location is among the considerable important parameters in the location of bases. The base location should be located in the geometric center of the region so that it is quickly and easily accessible throughout the region.

According to the expert opinions and reviewing the available documents and studies, the following five criteria were determined to select the ideal location: Road access network Gravity and geographic centrality Land with a larger and more appropriate area (more than 2000 m2) Distance from the fault Proximity to the hospital Besides, using AHP method, after determining the hierarchy levels including the purpose, criteria, and options, a pairwise comparison between the sets was performed for weighting. The criteria were compared two by two according to the purpose, and pairwise comparisons were performed based on the 1-9 range of scores.The overall comparison of the options was performed with respect to the goal and after weighting all the criteria and options; the comparisons’ results were then presented in the form of weight charts; ultimately, the final location map was determined through selecting the option having the most weight among the five options.Investigation of the five final options based on the determined indicators resulted in the selection of an area near Shahid Kalantari Terminal of Karaj as the best location to establish a support base for the central crisis management support base in Karaj metropolis.

In recent decades, dysfunctional and inefficient textures have always been raised as a significant issue for urban planners and managers. The emergence of dysfunctional fabrics and their problems is a phenomenon that all cities have encountered in their growth and development, and each city and community, according to its characteristics, has adopted different methods and approaches to intervene and revitalize these areas. Examining the intervention methods, effects, and results of these interventions can create a better understanding of the nature of dysfunctional textures and lead to the adoption of appropriate strategies for the viability of these areas. Meanwhile, the residence of more than a quarter of the urban population in dysfunctional urban textures indicates the importance of planning for these areas. Therefore, the authors of the present study are trying to identify the factors affecting the quality of the neighborhood from the residents' perspective and provide solutions to organize the current situation of the Bisim neighborhood of Zanjan, according to the experiences and results of previous research.

The current research is applied and has been done using quantitative and qualitative models. The required data were collected using a questionnaire in two ways: library and field. In this research, a survey method has been used to collect residents' points of view. The statistical population of this study is the Bisim neighborhoods of Zanjan city, with 5921 households and 18406 population selected from the central neighborhoods of this city for the study. The statistical sample size, which has been determined using Cochran's formula and simple random sampling method, from the statistical population of the research is 376 people. After identifying the environmental quality criteria in the neighborhoods from among the criteria proposed by urban design thinkers, a survey of residents was conducted according to the questionnaire in the survey section. In the present research process, the first five factors, "physical," "social," "functional," " economical," and "managerial," have been determined as the main factors of research for testing, and then the status of each of these factors in the study neighborhood by a survey of residents and performing a single-sample t-test were evaluated. In the next stage, to achieve the research objectives, the key factors influencing the quality improvement of the neighborhoods from the residents' perspective have been prioritized using the factor analysis test.

Field findings in the Bisim range confirm the inefficiency of these textures. Accordingly, fineness, low property area, and high population density are the characteristics of a Bisim neighborhood. Improper and unprincipled constructions, visual disturbances, narrow and busy passages, uneven sidewalks, and the lack of green space and sports space per capita are other problems in this neighborhood. In addition, the unfair distribution of amenities and urban equipment has made this neighborhood socially, financially, and culturally incomparable to its neighbors. Analytical findings show that the "economic factor" with a factor loading of 0.621 as the essential main factor is in the first place of residents' preferences. Factors "Functional" and "managerial," with a factor loading of 0.592, are both in the second rank; factor "physical," with a factor loading of 0.583, is in the fourth rank, and factor "social" with a factor loading of 0.507 is in the last rank. The ranking of sub-factors also shows that the variable "employment of residents and household income" from the subset of economic factors with a factor loading of 0.913 is in the first rank of residents' preferences. The variables "Spatial access and communication" from the subset of functional factors with a factor loading of 0.889 and "Spatial organization and permeability" from the subset of physical factors with a factor loading of 0.885 are ranked second and third, respectively. Among social factors, the variable "presence" is emphasized in relation to other variables. Considering the desirable but hidden environmental-social capacities in this neighborhood, in a situation where the city administration wants to use the participation of the people in the form of social institutions, it will be able to reduce poverty and increase environmental quality in this neighborhood with the lowest cost and performance. In other words, the residents of this neighborhood believe that increasing social interactions, participation, solidarity, and social ties depends on the presence and universality of spaces, which can be the basis for improving the quality of the neighborhood from a social perspective. In the management field, the majority of residents emphasized the components of "maintenance" and "control and supervision," which have factor loadings of 0.875 and 0.855. In this regard, the neighborhood's residents believe that if the situation of vacant lands, semi-finished and abandoned buildings to create spaces for security, such as police station patrols, becomes the head of management, they will see a further improvement in environmental quality in this neighborhood.

In the current study, after raising the issue and the main concern of the research, first using the literature of the subject, the background of the research and their results, as well as summarizing the results of the questionnaire distribution among the statistical sample by SPSS software, 5 factors as the main factors along with 22 sub-factors were identified that affect the environmental quality of dysfunctional textures. The study of effective factors in environmental quality criteria in dysfunctional urban textures shows that improving the quality of the environment requires simultaneous attention to all factors involved in environmental quality. Considering the high factor load of "economic" criteria, it can be concluded that the variables of this factor have a high correlation with the environmental quality of the neighborhood; therefore, they need more attention.

Many cities in Iran are grappling with the issue of worn-out and historical textures that are incompatible and incongruous with modern urban life and the characteristics of a modern city. Miandoab City is no exception to this rule, with over 240 hectares of worn-out textures characterized by dense urban structures. However, the western part of the city has low-quality rural textures and is in an inappropriate condition regarding safety, stability, accessibility, etc., while the eastern part includes the main texture zone, which is the central part of the city. The existence of these heterogeneous textures at the city level can pose significant challenges to desirable and sustainable development, and considering their dimensions in various parts is of particular importance. Therefore, this article aims to evaluate urban worn-out textures using an urban regeneration approach. It seeks to answer the questions:- How is the situation of worn-out textures in Miandoab City? What are the most influential dimensions in their regeneration in the studied city? Economic sustainability, intersectoral interaction and collaboration, and transparency of laws and regulations positively and significantly impact the development of participatory regeneration of worn-out textures. The variables of participatory development have positive and significant effects on social sustainability, internal development, and physical coherence.

The research method employed in this study is descriptive-analytical and applied in nature based on objectives. Library studies and field observations were utilized to gather the required information. In order to develop and evaluate the regeneration of worn-out and heterogeneous textures within the Miandoab City, a list of internal factors (strengths and weaknesses) and external factors (opportunities and threats) was extracted. Then, through expert surveys involving urban experts and managers, a set of factors that were deemed more significant by the respective experts were selected to enter the evaluation matrix of internal and external factors. Additionally, by combining the SWOT analysis with the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) within the Expert Choice software, pairwise comparisons of each internal and external factor were conducted to determine the weights and rankings of each factor, leading to the final score of the internal and external matrix. After performing the necessary calculations for the final weights of the factors, the strategies and sensitivity analysis of the strategies were extracted using the software as mentioned above. Finally, based on the internal and external factor matrix, the type of the four strategies was determined, and then the final ranking of these strategies was carried out using the FAHP model. Furthermore, the significance of the variables was assessed using the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) SMART PLS model.

The results obtained from the analysis of internal and external factors in the social and economic dimensions indicate that weaknesses, with a score of 0.237, are ranked first and have a higher priority than other factors. Strengths, with a score of 0.267, are in the second position, followed by threats and opportunities, with scores of 0.238 and 0.222, respectively. In the managerial section, the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats have scores of 0.225, 0.224, 0.247, and 0.221, respectively. Among them, strengths have the most significant impact, while weaknesses have the least impact on the worn-out texture of Miandoab City. Examining strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats from an environmental perspective indicates that threats have the highest score (0.255) and are of higher priority, while weaknesses, with a final score of 0.224, have a lower priority within the study area. Furthermore, the results obtained from PLS analysis confirm all the research hypotheses. Economic stability positively and significantly affects development participation with a path coefficient of 0.142. Collaboration and interaction between sectors and transparency and regulations demonstrate positive and significant effects on development participation with path coefficients of 0.042 and 0.082, respectively. Overall, improving and developing participation in worn-out textures contributes to physical coherence, internal development, and sustainability.

The results of the structural equation modeling indicate a significant and positive relationship between the components of economic sustainability, transparency of laws and regulations, inter-sectoral collaboration, and interaction with development participation. As a mediating variable, development participation significantly impacts physical coherence, social sustainability, and internal development within urban worn-out textures. The greater the emphasis on development participation, the greater its impact on other components. On the other hand, the research findings show that the significant problems in the worn-out textures of the city are economic and social factors, which have a higher priority with a final score of 0.286 compared to other factors. The residents of different neighborhoods in the city are not inclined to renovate the texture due to economic difficulties. Despite government incentives such as facilities to encourage residents to improve and renovate their housing, the lack of sufficient income and savings hinders their willingness to renovate. Additionally, the negligence of the private sector in investing in these textures exacerbates the problems as mentioned above. Therefore, sustainable economic revitalization and improvement of the social situation are essential drivers for development in heterogeneous urban textures to enhance the quality of life and increase their sustainability, preventing further social and economic challenges. The managerial aspect is the second major problem facing the worn-out texture in Miandoab City, with a score of 0.274. Inefficient urban management in decision-making, necessary frameworks, and policies for planning and renovation have led to further deterioration. Insufficient coordination among officials and unfavorable economic and social conditions have resulted in low quantitative and qualitative values of livability in these areas. The infrastructure and physical aspect of the worn-out texture in Miandoab City ranked third with a score of 0.267. The urban texture faces challenges regarding building instability, lack of safety against natural hazards, use of inappropriate materials, aging structures, inadequate accessibility, lack of urban facilities and equipment, high housing density, etc., significantly affecting their sustainability. In conclusion, addressing the issues of economic and social factors, promoting development participation, and improving infrastructure and physical conditions are crucial for revitalizing and improving the worn-out texture of Miandoab City.

It is evident that in the nature of tourism-oriented demand, with the intensification of the transformational force from the demand side and changing the role of the audience of interpretation, the nature and method of interpretation and the role of commentators in the present age must inevitably change. Reflecting on the practical consequences of changing attitudes towards heritage interpretation in the process, techniques, and common strategies of heritage interpretation and applications of this change in improving the quality of heritage-based tourism products is essential for a country like Iran, which ranks ninth in number cultural heritage sites and ranks tenth in terms of the number of intangible and oral cultural heritage registered in the world, among the richest countries in the world in terms of cultural heritage. Therefore, explaining the role of interpretation in tourism development is important. This study also examines the substantive process of heritage interpretation in the present age and the transition from positivist to constructivist interpretation and seeks to answer the following question:- What is the interpretation of heritage, and to what extent does this view correspond to the strategies of the constructivist approach to cultural heritage?

The present study is a descriptive-exploratory research that has used the method of interpretive qualitative research and content analysis. Due to the need for the interviewees to master the subject of heritage interpretation, the statistical population of the study includes experienced guides active in the field of incoming tours and also dedicated guides to the Persepolis World Heritage Site who have at least five years of experience in the field of heritage interpretation. The snowball method was selected, and data collection was done in August and September 2021 through in-depth semi-structured telephone interviews with experienced tour guides and continued until theoretical saturation (fourteenth); the interviews were written, and the resulting text, using the usual thematic analysis method and MAXQDA software were analyzed. The questions in this section were designed based on past studies.

Comparison of the themes from the analysis of the interview text with the constructivist interpretation strategies extracted from the literature shows  Interpret the site as part of the whole  The interviewees' awareness of the fact that the purpose of interpreting heritage, especially given the wider importance and social-value function of heritage in our time, is to accumulate the audience with a flood of information, although not scientific and documented, but the mission of its interpretation. To be a driving force to lead people in society to understand the message and values of cultural heritage and leave a lasting impact on the audience of interpretation. Linking between the past and the present Regarding the content of the connection between the past and the present in the interpretation of heritage, it should be noted that along with the emphasis on a constructivist approach to interpretation based on creating links between elements throughout society and history, the process of interpretation should strengthen the sense of belonging, connection, and connection in the tourist.Selection and adaptation of the content of the commentary to the previous knowledge, culture, and interests of tourists The guides' emphasis on the need to make comparisons in the tourist mind to emphasize the commonalities of the host culture and tourists to stimulate the tourist mind to connect with the site and not boast about excellence is significant. It shows the knowledge of experienced commentators on the need to emphasize commonalities and not distinctions between cultural and critique of excellence and pride in their interpretation. Liven up the site for the tourist This means guides to things like the interpreter's duty to help the tourist touch the past and visualize current life scenes on the site through several. Such an approach is consistent with the prevailing approach of third-generation tourism empiricism and contemporary tourists' desire for lifestyle experiences - Storytelling and narration using elements of intangible culture  Constructivist interpretation emphasizes including historical facts in the heart of stories and narratives. However, slang allows the tourist to relate to heritage personally and emotionally. Involvement of tourists in the process of interpretation and encouragement of discourse and self-interpretation The theme of tourists' participation in the process of interpreting and encouraging discourse and self-interpretation is one of the key themes in the transition from positivist to constructivist interpretation.  Stimulate the thinking and creativity of tourists instead of emphasizing information and education  The emphasis of the interviewees on stimulating the thinking and creativity of tourists, instead of emphasizing information and education, was based on the belief that the tourist, in spare time, does not seek to receive a large amount of specialized information and creates mental challenges that engage the mind and interest. Flexibility in the program and allowing visitors to discover Regarding the strategy of flexibility in the program and allowing the tourist to discover, there was not much agreement among the interviewees.

Based on the theoretical framework developed in the section on theoretical foundations in justifying the transition to the constructivist approach, the research seeks to translate these theoretical concepts into practical strategies used by heritage interpreters in action and real interpretation situations. According to the findings of the content analysis of interviews with cultural tourism guides, the interviewees considered eight main topics in the interpretation of heritage sites, which confirms the adherence of experienced commentators to constructivist interpretation principles and strategies, although unaware of the theoretical foundations of this transition.

The tourism industry is an all-encompassing and vast global industry that can be called one of the largest industries in the world, and all countries have appropriate tourism capacities in accordance with their environmental conditions, historical monuments, civilization, and cultural heritage. Iran, as one of the oldest countries due to its geographical, religious, cultural, and social conditions, has excellent tourism potential.Due to the high potential of the tourism industry in creating wealth and job creation, it has attracted entrepreneurs in this field today. Tourism has always been closely related to entrepreneurship. Industrial tourism is the country that earns the most income and employment with the least capital because everything, including ancient and natural monuments and places for this work, exists in most parts of the country. On the other hand, for every tourist entering the country, at least 5 jobs are created, and the employment rate of the tourism sector is 11.2 times faster than other sectors. Another critical issue is sustainable urban development. There is a wealth of evidence to suggest that the expansion of tourism activities plays a significant role in promoting sustainable urban development. Tourism is about the number of travelers, employment, and revenue. Also, tourism is doubly important because of how its sustainability is affected by the environment. On the other hand, at present, cities are among the most visited areas in the world and receive millions of tourists every year. Urban tourism has become one of the most important economic activities today.In the studies that have been done on entrepreneurship in tourism, there is also this research gap where the impact of various entrepreneurial investments on the development of the tourism industry has yet to be seriously evaluated. Therefore, to explain in detail how entrepreneurial capital affects tourism development, the impact of each proposed capital on entrepreneurship should be examined. Finally, it is necessary to evaluate the potential effects of tourism expansion on urban development.

The present study is a causal-correlational research method. The statistical population of this research is 532 managers of entrepreneurial companies in the field of tourism in Mazandaran province. This study used Cochran's formula to calculate the sample size. Thus, a sample of 224 people was selected by simple random sampling. A library method was used to collect information in the theoretical dimension, and a questionnaire was administered to answer the questions and test the hypotheses. The questionnaire was distributed among 224 managers of entrepreneurial companies in the field of tourism in Mazandaran province. The standard questionnaire is related to the article by Kim et al. in 2020 and includes all the questions related to the research variables. Professors and experts approved the questionnaire, and underwent localization before being distributed. 

Path coefficient values for financial capital and development of the tourism industry equal (0.24), social capital and development of the tourism industry equal (0.38), human capital and development of the tourism industry equal (0.26), and intellectual capital for the development of the tourism industry equal 0.41. The coefficient of the development path of the tourism industry on urban development is equal to 0.66, and these results indicate the positive impact of variables.All research hypotheses that confirmed the impact of the variables of financial capital, social capital, human capital, and intellectual capital on the tourism industry and urban development were confirmed. Entrepreneurial companies in the field of tourism can use the results of this research to develop the tourism and urban industries. The results of the hypotheses were analyzed based on significant statistics, and if they are not in the range of +1.96 and -1.96, they will be accepted.

In general, the results showed that different dimensions of human capital, including human, intellectual, social, and financial capital, significantly impact tourism development. Therefore, tourism stakeholders and managers should focus on these components in tourism development programs to develop an appropriate strategy. On the other hand, the results obtained in this study indicate the impact of tourism on urban development. This finding can also have managerial applications. This means that city managers can use the potential of tourism to develop cities and, in this regard, provide the necessary grounds for the expansion and development of tourism. Based on the results of the first hypothesis, it is recommended that institutions such as municipalities or governorates provide financial facilities in the form of loans to companies active in the field of tourism in the province to provide the necessary ground for the growth and development of such companies. According to the results of the second hypothesis, organizations such as the provincial radio and television andother media must promote the culture of hospitality and provide the necessary training to citizens to provide the conditions in such a way that the presence of tourists in the province creates a good image and memorable experience.Based on the third hypothesis, managers of tourism companies are recommended to use people with sufficient education and knowledge concerning various aspects of tourism when hiring labor. Also, in choosing guides, it is necessary to pay attention to issues such asfamiliarity with natural attractions, ethics, mastery of foreign languages, etc., of managers of tourism companies.In relation to the result obtained in the fourth hypothesis, it is suggested that improving the quality of tourism services in terms of accommodation, hospitality, etc., can also play an effective role in improving the brand image of tourism companies.Based on the results of the fifth hypothesis, it is recommended that provincial officials and institutions, including the governorate, city council, municipality, etc., put tourism development on the agenda as an approach to sustainable urban development.

Urban branding and location branding were introduced as a tool for competition between cities. Place branding is a complete set of actions to create a positive image of the place that it offers among different target groups through images, narratives and events locally and internationally to gain a competitive advantage among other places. Of course, branding is not just the idea of finding or creating unique items to create a competitive advantage for one place over another, but successful place brands act as a link between individual spatial identity and collective spatial identity and individuals' individual dependencies on Linking place to socio-cultural sense of belonging Previous case studies have shown that the use of spatial identities and cultural heritage in branding strategies, as well as the vision for the future of local people, play an important role in success.Although many cities in Iran, with their rich cultural heritage elements, have a high potential for branding, but for various reasons, including the lack of appropriate policies, have not been able to use these assets to improve their position and increase their credibility in today's competitive society.. Meanwhile, the city of Hamedan, as one of the oldest cities in Iran and the first capital of the Medes, despite having a valuable historical and cultural heritage, has not yet found its proper place in this field. One of the valuable capacities of Hamedan city is the historical hill of Hegmataneh, which, if managed and planned intelligently, can be the brand of this city, attracting audiences and tourists at the national and international levels. According to most archaeologists, this hill dates back to the remains of Kasi, Madi, Achaemenid buildings, and more precisely around 700 BC. Due to its unique historical antiquity and valuable artifacts obtained from excavations in this area (including the remains of the ancient city of Hegmataneh), this hill is on the world record. On the other hand, the proximity of this valuable heritage with the historical bazaar of Hamedan city and the central square of this city, which is known as a symbol of contemporary urban planning at the national level, has created a unique situation for Hegmataneh hill.

Since this research seeks to brand a place from the heart of the social and spatial context, the grounded theory method was used. In this method, the researcher starts the work with a specific field of study and allows the theory to emerge from the heart of the data. In this research, the data have been obtained based on a set of different information sources such as: historical documents, social profiles of the texture around Hegmataneh hill, in-depth interviews with people familiar with the area of the hill. Data were collected through targeted snowball sampling until theoretical saturation of the floors.Participants in the interviews were divided into two groups of participants with internal origins (residents, businesses and city managers) and participants with external origins (tourists and specialists in various fields of urban planning, archeology, tourism, urban design, architecture). A total of 32 interviews with a mean time of 20 minutes were conducted semi-structured and based on research questions.

Data analysis was performed using the three-step coding approach of Strauss and Corbin, which includes: open coding, axial coding and selective coding. In order to extract the data, the text of each interview was read several times and the main concepts were identified and coded (open coding stage). In the next step, close concepts are placed in one category and then 23 categories are obtained according to the theme in 6 types: central phenomenon, causal conditions, contextual conditions, intervening conditions, strategies and actions, and consequences. Then, by performing selective coding, the paradigm model of Hegmataneh hill branding was extracted.

The result of the research is a contextual model that aims to create a unique identity for the place. In this model, the place brand is not an imposed phenomenon from the external environment but the result of interaction between the internal actors of space. This interaction is based on common interests and the result of divergent goals, which in a strategic process, provides the ground for the formation of real user participation. Thus, this model, taking into account all social, cultural, economic, functional, environmental and physical aspects of the place, leads to the creation of new added value in this ancient site. As a result of the obtained grounded model, the brand "Historical Hill-Tourism" can be considered in line with the strategic development of Hegmataneh Hill. Realization of Hegmataneh hill branding can provide a unique image of the city of Hamedan to the audience.It should be noted that the branding process of Hegmataneh Hill is the result of goals and perspectives that have been considered for the development of the city of Hamedan and the maximum utilization of its assets. Creating new incentives for tourism and investment based on place brand identity, functional refinement and role-playing through value creation for functions consistent with place brand identity, recreating and reviving historic buildings inside the hill, reviving underground spaces inside the hill and in short creating a competitive image and based on the culture and history of the place are the results of the texture of the hill texture. What completes the re-creation cycle and makes it sustainable is the existence of a re-creation and brand value management cycle. In order to maintain the value of the brand, which has become an asset for the place, we must always have long-term strategies and evaluate the internal and external conditions of the place. This leads to a continuous review of strategies, if necessary.

The quality of the urban environment is the social, cultural, economic, and physical-spatial conditions of the urban environment that indicate the level of satisfaction or dissatisfaction of citizens with the urban environment. In fact, the specific aspects of the environment are known as key elements related to the quality of a person's life. In other words, it can be said that the quality of a city's life is directly related to its quality.In this research, the comparative evaluation of the environmental quality of two neighborhoods is based on the morphological and physical components in the form of two components; 1) the quality of the urban texture, which includes criteria such as permeability, compatibility, scale, and aesthetics, and 2) housing quality is evaluated according to indicators such as building form, building age, and building strength.Tabriz, as a metropolis, is not an exception to this rule and faces many environmental issues. The most critical issue in this field is the fundamental and significant difference in the degree of environmental desirability in different areas of this city. Therefore, one of the components that play a role in measuring the quality of the urban environment of Tabriz city is morphological-anatomical criteria.

The current research is based on the purpose of applied type. Data collection was done by field observation method and survey method using a questionnaire tool. The statistical community is the population of 59,560 people in Manjam neighborhood and the population of 41,433 people in Baghmisheh neighborhood; Cochran's formula with a confidence factor of 95% was used to determine the statistical sample, and a total of 382 questionnaires were randomly distributed among the residents of two neighborhoods, based on the percentage share of neighborhoods, 221 questionnaires related to Manjam neighborhood and 161 questionnaires related to Baghmisheh neighborhood. Using Cronbach's alpha analytical model, the validity and reliability of the questionnaire have been estimated, and its value is 0.72, which shows that the questionnaire has acceptable reliability.In order to compare the satisfaction status of the citizens, two neighborhoods were compared using the two-sample t-test and Lon's test. Finally, the relative contribution of the two neighborhoods' morphological and physical components was determined using the multivariate regression method

Morphological indicators of Manjem and Baghmisheh neighborhoods from two dimensions, the texture quality of the neighborhoods from four dimensions (permeability, compatibility, scale, aesthetics) and the housing quality dimension from three factors (aesthetics, building construction age, building strength level) using The observation method and questionnaire results were investigated, described and evaluated. In the following, in order to describe the research findings, the comparison of the environmental quality criteria in bothneighborhoods was discussed. Then, the relative contribution of each sub-index affecting the environmental quality was stated.The results of the questionnaires collected at the level of Monajem neighborhood show that among the existing indicators, the aesthetic index has a medium to high rank in this neighborhood. The rest of the indicators are evaluated as medium and medium to low, and theaverage satisfaction The neighborhood population is estimated to be 2.53 from the morphological and physical criteria.The questionnaires collected at the level of Baghmisheh neighborhood show that the two indices of compatibility and scale have a good rank, and the rest of the indices are also evaluated as medium to high. Finally, the average satisfaction of residents with the morphological and physical criteria in the neighborhood is 3.9.In a preliminary comparison, the level of satisfaction of the residents of Baghmisheh neighborhood is higher than that of the residents of Monajem neighborhood. This high level of satisfaction is noticeable in the indicators of building age and strength, scale, compatibility, and permeability and less in the indicators of form and aesthetics. Of course, regarding aesthetics, the two neighborhoods have almost the same rank.According to the averages obtained from all morphological and anatomical criteria, it can be said that the satisfaction of the residents of Baghmisheh is about 35% more than that of the residents of Manjem neighborhood.

The research results indicate that in Baghmisheh neighborhood, due to the planned structure and the block-blocked neighborhoods, there is a connection between the neighborhoods by local streets, and most of the buildings in Monajem neighborhood have old facades. Therefore, it does not have the harmony of Hedgewar buildings. However, contrary, in the new neighborhood of Baghmisheh, there is good harmony due to the new constructions.In terms of scale, Monajem neighborhood is due to its old construction and is usually one or two stories, and as a result, it has proportionality and scale. Nevertheless, in Baghmisheh neighborhood, due to the new construction, the apartments are harmonious in terms of scale. From the aesthetic side of Monajem neighborhood, there is no eye-catching design due to its historical age, and wall painting in these old neighborhoods has caused visual pollution in this type of neighborhood. However, in Baghmisheh neighborhood of Nobnayad, has a good view, and the painting on the wall is seen a lot in these neighborhoods.In general, it can be said that Monajem neighborhood faces physical, visual, and functional challenges due to its traditional texture in terms of morphological and physical parameters. However, due to the new urban planning, the Baghmisheh neighborhood has fewer weak points from the morphological aspect; it is relative to the Astronomer neighborhood.

The historical-cultural district of "Hosseiniyeh," as the primary origin of Zanjan, has a unique place in the spatial and functional structure. However, due to the physical deterioration, its integrity and originality have been endangered despite its numerous reconstruction efforts in this district. This study aims to evaluate the revitalization and recreation situation of Hosseiniyeh district to evaluate the feasibility of the principles, dimensions, and criteria of recreation and integrated protection in this district. "Integrated Recreation" is based on the conceptual framework presented by Hanachi and Fadaei Nejad (2011); it includes various types of physical, functional, and socio-cultural regeneration that, in order to achieve integration and balance, must be related to the criterion of "economic vitality." Effective and determining factors in "integrated protection" also include originality, which is the integrity and relative value concerning the criterion of "prominence" in relation to the interaction. As a result, in order to form an "integrated conservation and regeneration framework," the criteria of "prominence" and "economic viability" must be interacted and balance with each other.

This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey and inferential in terms of nature and method. The statistical population is residents over 20 years old in Hosseiniyeh district who were randomly selected from 180 people for sampling. The number of samples is determined using Cochran's formula and according to the research time constraints. The descriptive section is done in a historical background by studying the sources, documents, and plans above, as well as field studies and navigation of the study area. Evaluations were done by completing a questionnaire, and in order to ensure the proper reliability of the questionnaire questions, Cronbach's alpha (0.7 <0.782) was calculated. In the analytical section, after confirming the validity of the questionnaire by experts and specialists in urban remediation, the correlation of research criteria has been estimated through a one-sample t-test and multivariate regression.

The results of field studies and their adaptation to the goals of regeneration projects in Hosseiniyeh district show the fact that the unique requirements and conditions of this district and the particular identity of its social, economic, and physical structures prevent the full realization of the principles of regeneration and integrated protection in this district. In other words, the measures taken to recreate the Hosseiniyeh district have yet to meet the residents' demands at the expected level due to differences in objectives. The results of a one-sample t-test to examine the status of the principles of prominence and economic vitality in the historical-cultural district of Zanjan Hosseiniyeh show that the level of significance obtained for all criteria is less than 0.05, and the results can be generalized to the statistical community. Surveys show that from the statistical community point of view, the feasibility of the principles of integrated regeneration in this district is in the current situation at a moderate level so that the principle of economic vitality with an average of 3.058 has more feasibility than the principle of prominence with an average of 2.97. Among the studied dimensions, functional and relative values with an average of 3.256 and 2.74 have the highest and lowest feasibility, respectively.According to the citizens' opinion analysis, among the criteria related to the principle of prominence, the criterion of originality in performance, with an average of 3.19, has the highest score, and the criterion of visual integrity, with an average of 2.98, has the lowest score among other criteria. Examination of the obtained values shows that the average scores of most criteria are lower than the average level of 3; in other words, from the citizens' point of view in the process of recreating this district, the principle of prominence at the intermediate level and even lower than the average level needs to be reconsidered. Among the dimensions studied, the functional dimension, with an average of 3.256, has the highest score, and the physical dimension, with an average of 2.851, has the lowest score.

Despite the protection measures and urban management done in the regeneration plans in line with the plans of the worn-out texture headquarters in Hosseiniyeh District, the feasibility of integrated regeneration principles and criteria in this district is moderate and, in some dimensions, is below average. The results of one-sample t-tests in assessing the status of principles, dimensions, and criteria of regeneration and integrated protection also confirm the unfavorable situation of this district in terms of success and achievability of the goals of regeneration projects. Although the mentioned principles and criteria have been observed to some extent in these projects and attempts have been made to observe the principle of reversibility, minimal intervention, and preservation of originality and integrity, studies show its lack of compliance with the principles and criteria of regeneration and integrated protection and failure of projects in dimensions. It has a physical and textural integrity that has been implemented in a purely protective manner without regard to other dimensions and indicators of regeneration. In this regard, strategies such as strengthening indigenous architectural elements and patterns in the surrounding texture, preserving the urban landscape in accordance with the environment and district, preservation of the body and the historical structure of the texture, defining the historical-cultural axis as a part of the historical-tourism axis of Hosseiniyeh and integrating, regeneration and restoring the historical structure of the district, can have the most significant impact on maintaining and counting the originality and integrity of this historical district.

Geopolitical relations are one of the types of relations between countries and political actors, which are formed based on the combination of elements of politics, power, and geography. Each of these three elements has its own role and function in the formation of geopolitical relations. The element of geography provides a platform for establishing a relationship between two or more political actors; The element of politics shapes the will of two political actors from the nature of the relationship, and finally, the element of power shows the form, pattern, nature, and attitude of the actors towards each other. What is influential and defining in geopolitical relations is the nature, quality, and how to achieve maximum benefits, which is always the goal of all political actors and the relations between them. Geopolitical relations between political actors follow different communication patterns and are formed from different forms such as interaction, competition, confrontation, conflict, dominance, and influence. These patterns are a function of how the elements of geography and politics combine and interact in the context of the time. In other words, geopolitical relations between the central, semi-peripheral, and peripheral players based on geographical sources of power or the scale and type of game are made and manifested. Therefore, the investigation of the effective components in the geopolitical relations between the power players has an important place, and in this research, the most important components and factors affecting the geopolitical relations of the actors have been calculated by using the theories and perspectives related to the geopolitical relations. And finally, a proposed model for geopolitical relations between power actors is presented.

The present study seeks to explain theoretically the factors affecting geopolitical relations between power actors. which is classified as basic research based on its purpose. Because in basic research, the goal is to discover the truth and increase human knowledge. This research provides the basis for this increase in knowledge by knowing the factors affecting geopolitical relations between power players. Identifying the factors affecting the relations of power players based on the study of 37 theories and 15 views in the fields of geopolitics, political science, and international relations have been extracted and presented. The research method of this research is descriptive-analytical and the method of collecting information is done using library sources. The method of data analysis is also qualitative. In order to get the opinions of the experts, the dimensions and components were counted in the form of a fuzzy Delphi panel, and an electronic questionnaire was sent to the experts using the chain collection method (snowball). The process of sending the questionnaire until reaching the agreement and theoretical saturation Three stages continued. Because the design objects in this research are large and using variables with definite values ​​is not effective in these cases; In the framework of the fuzzy Delphi method, the items reached experts' opinions through qualitative variables and then were used to convert verbal variables into triangular fuzzy numbers.

The examination of the theories and viewpoints that are effective in geopolitical relations shows that there is no complete and comprehensive view in this field despite many efforts, and in order to achieve indicators and factors that are effective in geopolitical relations Different sources and works should be put together in the form of a puzzle where each of the theories and viewpoints presented (37 theories and 15 viewpoints and a total of 52 theories and viewpoints) act as pieces of a puzzle and with understanding The main map by combining the pieces together, you can get the puzzle and the final map, which in this section is the achievement of the factors and components affecting geopolitical relations. The study of theories and approaches shows that some theories have emphasized the natural dimension of power sources, such as territorial location, etc. have mentioned Some others have considered a combination of natural and human dimensions of power sources as effective components of geopolitical relations, such as maintaining the balance of the region, etc. Some other components that are highlighted in the mentioned theories and are considered as the basis of geopolitical relations include man-made things such as obtaining special technologies, directing large news media, etc. In a way, it is possible to artificially give power to those geographical sources.

Based on this, in general, it can be said that the geopolitical components of actors are formed in the form of four dimensions with natural, human, combined, and artificial bases. Meanwhile, the relations of geopolitical actors, which are in the form of various forms such as competition, cooperation, convergence, influence, dominance, and tension, are formed and emerge based on these components. From the perspective of the viewer, this form of relationship between actors at different levels can have different effects based on the position and position of each actor. In other words, based on the geopolitical weight of the sources of power geography, the actors take different positions, which is based on the performance of the sources of power geography or its relations. In this regard, the position of actors can be leveled in the form of focal and central positions based on geographical sources of power or relationships, semi-peripheral and peripheral positions. The noteworthy point is the different and dynamic leveling of actors in such a way that an actor can be in a focal position based on geographical sources of power, but in terms of relationships in a semi-peripheral or peripheral position (such as Iraq, which is one of the five largest producing countries) is an oil producer, but has low bargaining power and relationships). Or vice versa, a country can be in a peripheral position in terms of having geographical resources of power, but in terms of relationships, it can be in a focal position (like England, which is located in a peripheral position in terms of geographical resources of fossil power, but in terms of relationships around this the source is at the center of the issues); Therefore, it can be said that the position of actors based on the geopolitical weight of their resources and performance scale can follow different patterns.

Researches consider the green village as a way to sustainability, and while emphasizing the environmental aspect of green villages, they believe that this is a comprehensive model and its other dimensions, such as social, economic, cultural, etc., should not be neglected. And on the other hand, the factors affecting entrepreneurship were analyzed, and their summary is: skilled manpower, increasing the level of educational standards, holding entrepreneurship courses, financial capital, suitable cultural and social environment, financial and economic support, risk taking., personality traits, communication access, internet use, etc., among which economic factors have had a greater impact on the development of entrepreneurship.Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad province (natural capital of Iran) and especially Dana city have many natural resources that can be examined from two aspects: exploitation of resources and protection and environmental problems related to resources. The entrepreneurial green village is known as a solution to overcome the current situation. The questions that are raised are: What is the status of the factors affecting the entrepreneur's green village in terms of importance and current situation? What are the most important factors affecting the entrepreneur's green village?

The research is applied in terms of purpose and single-section in terms of time, data collection is survey and descriptive and analytical by means of observation and questionnaire and data analysis method. 5 settlements were selected as samples and sampling was done by stratified random method with proportional assignment. Sampling was done at the village level based on population classes and at the household level with Cochran's formula and community variance, and a total of 332 completed questionnaires were obtained.

The results of the one-sample t-test showed that the current status of factors affecting the entrepreneurial green village in the study area is at a low level. The importance of the effective factors was used by step-by-step regression test and it is as follows: physical-infrastructural factors (0.46), economic factors (0.24), social factors (0.18) and institutional factors (0.12). These factors show a better situation in the two innocent villages of Bad Creek and Darshahi, which have more population and are closer to the city center than other villages.According to the respondents, the most important economic factors affecting the entrepreneur's green village are: supporting the commercialization of rural business ideas with an average of 4.84, and ownership of production resources (land and water, machinery, etc.) 4.81.The most important social factors: responsible behavior towards the environment 4.80. Encouraging exemplary rural entrepreneurs and introducing them to other villagers (in person, media, internet) 4.58.The most important institutional factors stated are:Institutional support for stable job opportunities 4.67. Cooperation of various relevant organizations in the direction of rural business development (governor's organization, agricultural jihad, rural cooperative, commerce, educational centers, local organizations,...) 4.43.The most important effective physical-infrastructural factor: development of physical communication infrastructure of the village (roads and communication roads with other rural and urban areas) 4.98.Descriptive findings of the current status of factors affecting the entrepreneurial green villageFrom the economic factors: the two factors of ownership of production resources with an average of 2.33 and granting loans and entrepreneurship facilities by the government with an average of 2.76 are at a higher level than the rest of the items.Among the social factors, encouragement of exemplary rural entrepreneurs and introducing them to other villagers (in person, media, internet) with an average of 2.93 and a shared view about the environment with an average of 2.96 are at a better level than the rest.The average of all items of institutional factors are at a level lower than 2. In relation to the existing situation of physical-infrastructural factors, the situation is the same. The status of all factors is at a low level.in one sample t - test, the mean and upper limit of all items were positive, so with 99 percent confidence, it is possible to say that the importance of factors is above average. finally, regarding the importance of the total factors affecting rural entrepreneurship, the average gained is 4.52. also, because the mean and upper limit of this item are both positive, so with 99 percent confidence, it can be said that the importance of total factors affecting rural entrepreneurship in the study area is above average.the average of the current status of effective factors in 1.83 is obtained which is lower than the theoretical mean of the society (3), since the upper and lower limit and also the mean difference are negative, so 99 percent confidence can be said that the current situation of the factors affecting the green village of the entrepreneur is low. all of the indicators of the present situation are far less than desired situation (importance).according to the results of beta coefficient, it can be said that the physical - infrastructural factor with the 0.46 coefficient is the most important factor in the development of entrepreneurial green village. after that, economic with the beta coefficient 0.24 percent, social with 0.18 and institutional coefficient with coefficient of 0.12 is.

The importance of all factors affecting the green village of the entrepreneur has been evaluated in an important level while the status quo of these factors is much lower than their importance, therefore, it is necessary to identify the responsible organizations for promoting the status quo of these factors: in the economic dimension: special protection of public and private sector of organic products production, creating sustainable small businesses and commercialization of green ideas through facilitating the reception and registration of brand and in social dimension: providing skills and entrepreneurship education.in general, the importance of all factors affecting the green village of the entrepreneur has been evaluated in an important level while the status quo of these factors is much lower than their importance.