مجله بیومکانیک ورزشی
سال نهم شماره 1 (بهار 1402)

TFootball is one of the sports with the highest risk of injury, with children suffering injuries at a rate of approximately 3% yearly and major injuries at a rate of approximately 0.69%. The aim of this systematic review is to examine the effects of the FIFA 11+ Kids program on injury prevention and performance improvement in preadolescent soccer players.

This review aims to gather research conducted between 2016 and 2022 pertaining to the subject of research. The present investigation uses Scopus, Google Scholar, PubMed, and Science Direct databases to perform a comprehensive search for pertinent research. The search is conducted using keywords including FIFA 11+ Kids, prevention, children, injury, lower limb, performance, and anterior cruciate ligament.

Thirty publications were retrieved using the search strategy, and thirteen were chosen for finalization and inclusion in this study based on the criteria for inclusion and exclusion. The implementation of FIFA 11+ Kids exercises in children has been shown to enhance physical fitness components such as balance, jumping activities, lower limb isokinetic strength, and knee joint proprioception. Furthermore, these exercises have been found to mitigate injuries, particularly in the lower limb, and significantly decrease associated treatment expenses.

Research indicates that the FIFA 11+ Kids warm-up training program plays a unique role in preventing lower limb injuries and improving performance, particularly if performed over an extended duration or with more training sessions per week. Therefore, it is imperative to implement this training program for football players under 14 years of age.

Obesity and overweight have become global problems that can affect the mechanics of running in affected individuals. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to review the mechanics of running in obese or overweight individuals.

The present study was a library and systematic review. The search for articles in Persian and English was performed from the beginning of 2003 until the beginning of January 2023. This search was conducted in various databases, including WOS, SID, Magiran, Scopus, PubMed, ISC, and Google Scholar. Additionally, the type of selected studies included original research, review articles, and clinical trials. Seventeen related articles were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Finally, 12 articles related to running mechanics in overweight or obese individuals were analyzed.

The review of three articles showed that there is a direct relationship between an increase in body mass index (BMI) and an increase in plantar pressure. Additionally, the results of two articles were related to the increase in loading rate in obese individuals while running. The findings of two articles indicated the collapse of the arches of the feet and ultimately the reduction of shocks caused by running. Examining the results of one of the articles showed that in overweight or obese individuals, doing exercises such as running can be a reason for micro fractures of the tibia. The findings of one of the articles also showed that people with a high body mass index have a lower range of motion than people with a normal weight while running. Finally, the findings of three articles in the field of muscle electrical activity showed that in overweight individuals, activities such as running can be effective in reducing the strength of plantar flexor muscles.

It seems that obese and overweight individuals are at risk of injury during running due to biomechanical reasons.

Musculoskeletal disorders are any abnormality of the skeletal-muscular system and nerves which reduces the optimal function of organs. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare musculoskeletal disorders in the upper limbs of male athletes with non-athlete males who are obese and non-athlete males who are thin.

This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 15 male athletes, 15 obese males, and 15 non-athlete thin males in North Khorasan Province during the year 2021. The selected subjects were purposefully chosen from the available community. Kyphosis and lordosis angles were evaluated using a flexible ruler. Evaluation of forward head and forward shoulders was performed from the side view with digital cameras, and the angles were analyzed by AutoCAD software. For data analysis, ANOVA test and Shafa's follow-up test were used.

IAccording to the results, in all musculoskeletal abnormalities of the upper limb, except for lumbar lordosis, male athletes had a higher percentage of abnormalities than non-athlete obese males and non-athlete thin males (P<0.05). Lumbar hyperlordosis was higher in obese males compared to athletes and non-athlete thin males (P<0.05).

Based on the research findings, it can be concluded that abnormalities in the head, shoulders, and spine areas can be affected by the type of sport due to repeated movements and techniques, and obesity is also a factor in the development of musculoskeletal abnormalities.

The advancement of technology in various fields opens up new opportunities for the future. Technology plays an essential role in sports and sports equipment. Therefore, the aim of the current research is to design and manufacture new smart sports shoes with the ability to measure the ground reaction force.

The current research is of an applied type in order to design and manufacture new smart sports shoes with the ability to measure ground reaction force. After preparing the electronic parts, the control board was first checked using the Jag test. Then, the electronic board was designed and simulated using Altium Designer software, along with other parts. Finally, after soldering the parts, programming was done using Micro Python software.

Considering that each sport has its own exercises and a specific order, smart sports shoes can help athletes identify and control the forces they apply to their lower body during various sports activities.

The use of new smart sports shoes to measure ground reaction forces and display them online during various sports activities can be useful.

The aim of the present study is to compare the symmetry of postural sway while maintaining static balance in elderly women with and without poor central stability.

The statistical sample of the study was made up of 16 elderly women over 55 years of age, who were selected using available and targeted sampling. Subjects were placed on the force plate to perform balance analysis, and according to the protocol described in the balance evaluation process section, their posture sway were evaluated in the medio-lateral, anterior-posterior, and total directions. Independent t-tests were conducted using SPSS version 26 statistical software to compare the groups (P < 0.05).

The research showed that the postural sway of the left support leg in the medio-lateral direction (toward the medial side) and the right support leg in the anterior-posterior direction (toward the posterior side) in the group of elderly women with instability in the central region was higher (P < 0.05). Also, the average index of imbalance in both left and right limbs in both medio-lateral and anterior-posterior directions in two groups of elderly women with and without instability in the central region showed the greatest difference in the medio-lateral direction of the right leg (0.77 cm). Comparing the percentage of balance asymmetry index in the group of elderly women with and without instability in the central region also showed the greatest asymmetry in the medio-lateral direction (P = 0.010, 32.65%).

From the results of the present research, it can be stated that there is a significant difference between elderly women with and without poor central stability in the symmetry of postural sway while maintaining static balance. Considering that the asymmetry in postural sway has a direct relationship with the loss of balance and the increase of falling, exercises that lead to an increase in central stability and thus improve their physical posture should be considered in the daily training protocol of the elderly.

Wearable sensors offer non-invasive, portable, and generally convenient ways to monitor sports training. This systematic review aims to present current evidence on using wearable sensors in sports for athletes.

IArticles published in English before May 2020 were searched in Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and EBSCO databases. Titles, abstracts, and keywords were probed with a search string including terms related to wearable sensors and sports. In addition to providing insight into how performance is achieved, these sensors also provide detailed kinematic, kinetic, and electromyographic information. Wearable sensors such as inertial sensors and electromyography are the most suitable from this point of view.

Advances have been dramatic as sensors have become smaller, more precise, and capable of measuring more accurate data. Force plates measure the ground reaction forces that an athlete exerts while running, jumping, or landing. This information is critical in preventing injuries and understanding how different movement patterns affect performance. Strength platforms can also assess balance and stability, helping to develop injury prevention protocols and rehabilitation programs.

Reviewing the literature, inertial sensors are the most commonly used to evaluate athletes' performance. However, electromyography may also be used. Even though a wide range of sports was examined in the studies, running was the dominant sport evaluated. Therefore, researchers, athletes, and coaches find it helpful to understand current sports performance assessment technologies.