فصلنامه جغرافیای طبیعی
پیاپی 60 (تابستان 1402)

The increase in the world's population, the effects of climate change and lifestyle changes have put increasing pressure on water resources and have led to widespread water stress in many countries. An effective way to reduce and control the continuous degradation of groundwater quality is to understand spatial and temporal changes and identify the main sources of pollution. In this research, using the geostatistical method, temporal and spatial changes in the underground water resources of Izadkhasht basin were investigated in a period of 11 years, considering the factors of water quality change. In this regard, different interpolation methods were compared, and the kriging method with exponential variogram showed better results for water quality parameters. The results of these analyzes showed that the most important factors in the salinity of water and soil resources in the region are destructive formations in the basin. So that in the quality maps of water resources, all parameters showed an increase in three points.

Estimation of plant water consumption or evapotranspiration is necessary for management and planning of water and agricultural resources, hydrological balance as well as approximate estimation of crop yield. There are various methods for determining evapotranspiration on a small scale using field measurements such as lysimeters, which are highly accurate but are not widely used due to their high cost and difficulty. For this reason, methods based on telemetry and the use of satellite imagery have received more attention from researchers. Therefore, due to the importance of the subject in this study, the evapotranspiration in the Chah region of Sistan and Baluchestan was estimated using satellite images and Sabal algorithm. In this research, Landsat 8 satellite images for 1396 and 1398 have been used and to compare the results obtained from the remote sensing method (Sabal), from the data of the synoptic meteorological station of Zahak city to estimate evapotranspiration by FAO-Penman-Montith method has been used. Using statistical indicators such as relative error and explanatory coefficient, the ability and performance of remote sensing and Sabal algorithm were investigated. Thus, the values of statistical indices in 1396 and 1398 for the coefficient of determination are 0.82 and 0.95, respectively, for the root mean square error (RMSE) with values of 2.15 and 1.27, respectively, as well as the mean error Absolute (MAE) values are 1.49 and 1.11, respectively, and finally the mean oblique error (MBE) is 0.27 and 0.09, respectively.The results indicate the acceptable accuracy of the Sabal algorithm in estimating actual evapotranspiration.

Determining the water requirement of crops in the upcoming period and having an overview of it is essential in water resources management planning and using it we will be able to determine critical areas. The purpose of this research is to estimate the water requirement of wheat using general circulation model data (HadGEM2-ES) by the latest Climate Change Report (Fifth Report) as Representative Concentration Pathway scenarios (RCP), which is scaled using LARSWG model under RCP85 scenario. To this end, 30-year data (1990–2019) were entered into the model, and climatic data were predicted daily for the next 40 years in two time periods (2021–2040) and (2041–2060).The results show that over the 40-year period, all three parameters of maximum, minimum temperature and precipitation will have an increasing trend.In the next step, the data generated to calculate the water requirement of wheat in Pars Abad plain were entered into CROPWAT 8.0 software and it was observed that increasing temperature leads to increase evapotranspiration and increasing water requirement of wheat by 3 to 5% under climate changing.

The purpose of this research is to evaluate and analyze the geotourism and geomorphology of Babolsar city using Kubalikova model and Hadzik model. Kubalikova's model is the first method used in this research, and it is mostly based on scientific and educational criteria, and Hadzik's model is also based on scientific values and surplus values index. In this research, three geotourist areas including: Mirud, Kerfun, and Afra Takht were selected. The current research was carried out by filling 60 questionnaires for Kobaliko model (each questionnaire contains 55 questions) and Hadzik model (each questionnaire contains 25 questions) from travelers and experts for all three studied villages and calculating their average scores for different questions. The results indicate that compared to the other two places, Kerfun village is one of the most famous and attractive geomorphosites in the city, and in this respect, it has a score of 64.76, followed by Mirud village with a score of 52.04. It is both. They are at a good level in terms of value. Afra Takht village has the lowest value with a score of 23/24. However, the high score of Kerfun, in addition to its attractiveness, is due to its rarity and distinctiveness compared to other cases. Due to the unknown nature of the attraction, inappropriate communication, accommodation and living facilities for tourists and guidance to know about the most important problems and weaknesses of the region are considered for the development of geotourism.

Earth surface temperature changes can affect various environmental factors and elements, and by affecting bioclimatic comfort, energy consumption, plant and animal phenology, air pollutant concentration, soil and air moisture density, and other environmental factors can also be affected by these factors.In this research, in order to investigate the role of actual evaporation-transpiration on the temperature of the earth's surface at ten meters, the variables of carbon monoxide, water vapor density, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, ozone, water vapor pressure and wind speed in twelve uses With the help of LCZ algorithm, determined for Tehran and Alborz provinces, have been studied and investigated.The studied area has a high potential for the occurrence of thermal islands due to special geographical conditions such as location, variety of man-made structures and special ecological conditions. In this research, according to the impact of the studied variables and the need to examine the relationships between them, hierarchical clustering in a combined manner, path analysis method and remote sensing techniques have been used. According to the obtained results, among the studied variables, actual evaporation-transpiration in none of the uses had a significant effect on increasing or decreasing the temperature of the ground surface at 10 meters. Water vapor pressure in class 14 (areas with grassy vegetation) shows the greatest effect in increasing the temperature of the earth's surface.Based on the obtained results, the type of use is highly dependent on the impact of the studied variables on the surface temperature of the earth.

This issue has become more apparent in large cities and provincial capitals, which have undergone land use changes in recent years. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the spatial relationship between the distribution of thermal islands with urban vegetation and compare the intensity of thermal islands in minimum, maximum and average values in urban areas of Kermanshah during the last 10 years. Data were analyzed using Sentinel 3 satellite imagery and SLSTR sensor with a spatial resolution of 500 m in the reflective bands and 1000 m in the thermal band using SNAP and QGIS software. Therefore, continuous monitoring of land use change is one of the main challenges of urban planning and management in metropolitan areas. Because the increase of green space in the city significantly reduces the temperature of the city and thermal islands. The key findings of this research are focused on three areas: first, focusing on the fair distribution of green spaces in the city, second, using waste spaces to increase green spaces, and finally, avoiding additional burden on the ground, because in dense areas, the possibility of creating thermal islands is much higher. It was from other places.