فصلنامه فرهنگ رضوی
سال یازدهم شماره 43 (پاییز 1402)

Human resources are considered the most important capital in any organization. In Āstān Quds Razavi, whose main purpose is to serve the pilgrims of the court of Ali ibn Musa al-Riḍā (as), this capital has a double importance. One of the emerging phenomena that endangers the health of employees and as a result, their service, is attendanceism. This behavior occurs when the employee decides to come to work with illness and poor health. In this research, which is practical in terms of purpose and conducted in a qualitative method, first, all the driving components of attendanceism were identified with the method of meta-composition and content analysis, and then, using the fuzzy Delphi method and receiving the opinions of Āstān Quds Razavi human resources experts, the most important components were selected and ranked. The results showed that the most important factors affecting the attendanceism of employees in Āstān Quds Razavi can be classified in the form of 3 dimensions, 13 core categories and 44 components. These core categories in the behavioral dimension include organizational culture, individual health status, employee's attitude and perception about the consequences of absenteeism or presenteeism, organizational communication and interactions, individual characteristics, individual personality, occupational and organizational attitudes; and in the structural dimension, it includes organizational characteristics and procedures, job characteristics, human resources management of the organization, and in the contextual dimension, it includes cultural and social factors, economic factors of society, legislation and infrastructure.

Nowadays, the purification of human societies from multiplicity and reduction of destructive conflicts and militancy has been the focus of many thinkers with diverse approaches, and peaceful and reconciliation efforts are in search of effective strategies to achieve social solidarity. The main goal of this research is to explain the components of social solidarity by finding effective, contextual, inhibiting variables and consequences in the form of a systematic model. This research is fundamental based on the type of purpose and is qualitative in terms of method and has an inductive approach. For this purpose, by using the data base theory, after collecting the collection of Imam Riḍā's narrations, macro and micro ethical categories of the model are extracted and then the model of social solidarity is presented. The findings show that the realization of social solidarity requires attention to several categories. In this context, ethics, friendship, self-control, forgiveness, peaceful coexistence and providing security are the most important effective variables; and humility, helping others, tolerance and responsibility are the most important foundational categories. The inhibiting variables in this model are: unregulated interaction, spread of corruption, discord, and family breaks. The main consequence of social solidarity is the promotion of dignity and social empowerment.

Visiting religious places is one of the common programs in the trips of diplomats and officials of Muslim countries when visiting other Islamic countries. The tomb of the 8th Shiite Imam in the holy city of Mashhad, which is considered the most important pilgrimage site in Iran, has hosted dozens of Sunni statesmen in the last century. This research, which was carried out using a descriptive and analytical method, seeks to find the reasons for the visit of the mentioned officials to Razavi's shrine. The findings show that the Sufi tendencies of some Muslim statesmen are one of the reasons for their visit to the holy shrine of the 8th Imam (as). Some Muslim politicians such as: Zahir Shah, Abul Kalam Azad, Imran Khan, Abdullah Vad, Benazir Bhutto, etc., from countries such as: Afghanistan, India, Pakistan, Senegal, etc., have gone to Mashhad when they were in Iran with the motivation of visiting Imam Riḍā (as). In their homeland, these people were famous for supporting Sufism or belonging to schools such as Suhravardiyyeh, Qadiriyyeh, Naqshbandiyyeh, Cheshtiyyeh and Moridiyyeh, and there are numerous reports of their visit to the shrines of Sofia. With this explanation, it seems that the mentioned political officials have visited Imam Riḍā's tomb because of their belief or respect for the position of Imam Riḍā (as) in the Sufi dynasties. In this context, it can be expected that the shrine of Imam Riḍā (as) can be effective as a reference point for improving and strengthening political and cultural relations.

The theory of speech act, one of the components of applied linguistics, entered the field of applied linguistics with the slogan of the activism of linguistic parts of discourse. According to Austin, speaking in a specific language brings regular action in a specific context, so that changes in the behavior and thoughts of language users are manifested after verbal communication. In this sense, the application of this theory in the field of discourse phenomena caused by linguistic communication leads to a deeper and more accurate understanding of texts, especially religious texts. This research has analyzed the theology discourse of Imam Riḍā (as) with descriptive and analytical method and with the approach of language usage based on John Searle's model in discourse act. Therefore, it first mentioned the definitions of the discourse act theory with the opinions of Austin and Searle, and then it analyzed the parts of Imam's (as) speeches about Theology. The results of this research show that Imam Riḍā (as) paid attention to the choice of speech structure and parts of speech, the choice of propositions and the use of words and phrases to the listener's conditions in his discourse on theology which plays an important role in the direction of speech acts. On the other hand, the act of expressive speech has the highest frequency among other speech acts such as persuasive and emotional. This shows that Imam Riḍā (as) found his listeners uninformed and tried to make them aware in the form of interpretation and explanation. However, the implicit verb in the speech of declarative actions also brings a kind of persuasion to the audience.

Pilgrimage and religious tourism, despite common opportunities for convergence and companionship, have fundamental differences in basis, function and social consequences. This has led to various controversies in policy making. The current study seeks to know the current state of the policies of Āstān Quds Razavi in relation to pilgrimage and religious tourism. And finally, based on the overall perception of the current state of these policies, it seeks to obtain a list of priorities regarding the favorable state of Āstān's policies and services in the field of pilgrimage and religious tourism; utilizing documentary methods and qualitative interviews with experts, policy makers and implementers of religious tourism and pilgrimage in gathering information and also analyzing the data obtained from it using the qualitative content analysis method led to the conclusion that not only the issue of religious tourism in policies of Razavi's Āstān Quds has not been taken into consideration, but no relation between tourism and pilgrimage has been established in these policies. Among the problems and issues of policies in the field of pilgrimage, we can mention the effectiveness of pilgrimage and the continuity of communication with pilgrims, the realization of pilgrimage with knowledge and the promotion of its customs and rituals, the increasing participation of people in pilgrimage services and the removal of deprivation, etc. Also, among the priorities, things like "creating convergence between tourism and pilgrimage and taking advantage of tourism capacities along the pilgrimage and preserving the meaning core of pilgrimage and expanding it in the services of the shrine and pilgrimage city are worth mentioning.

Muhammad ibn Hassan Ḥur is one of the Shiite scholars of the 11th century of Hijri and one of the great narrators who has a high position in narrating the Ahl al-Bayt (as) hadiths. In this regard, he authored the book Wasāʾīl al-Shīʿa, which is considered an important reference in its subject. Sheikh ʿĀmili was an expert in intellectual and narrative sciences and has left behind precious works. Ḥur ʿĀmili's reputation in narrating hadith cast a shadow on his other works and put his other works under the shadow of this science. One of the artistic creations of this great scholar is his poetic nature, which is fully manifested in his 15,000 verses poem. The most important subject of Ḥur ʿĀmili's poetry book is the praise and lamentation of the Prophet's progeny. The handwritten version of this poetry book is full of dhikr of Ahl al-Bayt (as), which is written with the beautiful expression of the poet. Since this poetry book has not been published yet, the need to introduce and identify the valuable content of this work is much greater. Among the hundreds of religious and ritual odes in this poetry book, there is only one ode that is dedicated to the praise of Imam Riḍā (as). This poem contains valuable points and its expression is of special importance. One of the results of this research is the recognition of the argumentative dimension of the poet in using rational and narrative reasons in this ode, which is clearly evident in Ḥur ʿĀmili's eulogies centered on Ahl al-Bayt (as).

Mahmoud Khan Malek al-Shoʿará is a painter and one of the masters of the painting art of the Qājār era in the field of recording urban and historical works. His works have a geometrical proportion and a very precise perspective influenced by Mahmoud Khan's knowledge of mathematics and geometry. The purpose of this research is to study the structural analysis of Mahmoud Khan's painting from the ʿAtīq courtyard of Imam Riḍā (as) as his oldest known oil painting, and also the structural investigation of the features of this painting as a historical document of the ʿAtīq courtyard during the Qājār era. The main questions in this research are as follows: 1. How are the visual and structural features of the ʿAtīq courtyard of Imam Riḍā (as) shrine worked in the work of Mahmoud Khan Malek al-Shoʿará? 2. How is the composition and divisions of the work displayed in the south porch and the clock porch? This research was descriptive, analytical, and collected information in the form of documents (library). The method of analyzing the works is based on the examination of the visual principles and rules used in ʿAtīq courtyard painting. The findings of this research show that Mahmoud Khan Malek al-Shoʿará, one of the great artists and a pioneer in the field of modern painting in Iran during the Qājār era, has recorded the oldest courtyard of the shrine in the Qājār rule period with paintings, and in this work, he has pointed out the exact details that today, according to the changes over time, introduce us to the architecture of that time in the ʿAtīq courtyard. This old work is a documentary painting of Imam Riḍā's shrine during the Qājār era from the ʿAtīq courtyard, and in that painting, the correct perspective, subjectivity, and artistic creativity can be seen.