فصلنامه راهبرد
پیاپی 105 (زمستان 1401)

Political entrepreneurship is the driving force behind creating institutional changes that make it possible to change outdated processes. Political entrepreneurs have played an essential role in the policy-making process to create policy changes, and they can create different economic and social dimensions by presenting political strategies. The consensus of key and politically influential people on the issue of entrepreneurship in the country can accelerate the process of program development and solve process challenges. Therefore, identifying the development strategies of political entrepreneurship and strengthening the presence of these people leads to value creation and economic and social growth. Therefore, this research aims to interpret the structural modeling of political entrepreneurship strategies. Political entrepreneurship strategies were identified through semi-structured interviews with a qualitative content analysis method based on the theoretical saturation technique and purposeful sampling method with 24 entrepreneurship, policy-making, and management professors. The validity and reliability of the interviews were confirmed by the methods of relative content validity and Cohen's kappa index, respectively. Coding interviews using MAXQDA2020 software led to the identification of 11 strategies. In order to level the identified strategies, the opinions of 94 entrepreneurs and senior managers of government organizations were used with the stratified random sampling method and with the help of a questionnaire. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were confirmed using content validity and the test-post-test method. The strategies identified by the interpretative structural method led to the formation of five levels, where political networking was the most effective and streamlining was the most impressionable factor.

The cornerstone of problem-solving lies in defining challenges properly. Without defining a well-structured challenge, finding an optimal solution becomes unattainable. This study focuses on the critical matter of oversight within the governance system. Weakness in the framing oversight-related issues has led to  inefficiencies in oversight and ultimately resulted in the erosion of social capital, corruption, and the governance system inefficiencies. Therefore, the current research aims to formulate the issues related to oversight in governance. To collect data, thirteen documents were examined, and 24 in-depth and semi-structured interviews were conducted with experts, including 18 government officials and 6 faculty members. Qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis, which revealed 97 basic themes, 34 organizing themes, and 9 global themes. Based on the coding, the global themes such as the ineffectiveness of oversight systems; improper implementation and formulation of laws; lack of oversight in the smooth flow of affairs; absence of accountability and responsibility, transparency deficits,  coherence and integrity shortcomings; meritocracy and merit selection issues; internal oversight deficiencies and self-oversight gaps; and absence of collective decision-making were identified. These findings point to weaknesses within regulatory bodies and inadequacies in governing laws and regulations.

Money laundering, terrorism financing, and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction are among the most important concerns of states and international financial institutions. In the international arena, the body combating money laundering and terrorist financing is the Financial Action Task Force (FATF), which uses the expert and technical services of the Financial Intelligence Units (FIUs) called the Egmont Group to analyze the financial information of states to fight against the threats of the international financial system. The main question of this research is: what are the bottlenecks and strategic needs of Iran's J.A. in interaction with FATF and Egmont Group? In addition, by accepting FATF recommendations and requirements and implementing Egmont's financial data exchange methods, what are the security implications for Iran's national interests? The present study, which was conducted with a qualitative approach and a descriptive method, by examining the 40 recommendations of FATF, analyzed why Iran interacts and cooperates with these two groups، while paying attention to the obstacles and capacities resulting from the implementation of their legal requirements. The research results show that, on the one hand, Iran's compliance with FATF's recommendations and "Iran's Action Plan" will create opportunities for transparency in Iran's economic, financial, and banking system. On the other hand, there is no guarantee for the protection of financial information, and it is not possible to imagine a clear perspective of the implementation of the requirements of these two institutions and the disclosure of the methods of bypassing sanctions.

Legislation under the dominance of the Islamic ruler is the manifestation of the guardianship over giving fatwa, and jurisprudential theorization is a new look at jurisprudence and law. Jurisprudential systems are a collection of jurisprudential propositions, concepts, and general jurisprudential principles, and coordinated systems of elucidating rulings that form jurisprudential theories. The current research, characterized as descriptive-analytical and reliant on library-based data, seeks to address the following inquiries: What defines jurisprudential theorization in legal framework? What are the methods and boundaries of the jurisprudential theorization in legal framework? Furthermore, it explores the strategic significance of holistic perspectives held by legal guardians in jurisprudential theorizing within legal framework. Jurisprudential theorizing based on the fatwas of the legal guardian and the fatwas coordinated with them has resulted in the coherence and efficiency of the laws and a macro-social and expedient view of cases. Also, the emerging issues will be introduced under the jurisprudential theories to avoid vote division. Deep thinking in the texts and an increase in jurisprudence rules create reliable jurisprudential theories in legal framework. In this research, the scope of Fiqh-ut-tanziir based on the perspective of the legal guardian in Ma-la-nass-u-fiih and the comparison of the ruling with the text and its impact on legal framework have been explained. Jurisprudential theorizing involves the suitable framework for legislating based on religious principles while considering the contemporary needs of time and location.

Merit-based selection for positions, especially within the judiciary, is considered as a paramount strategies for promoting good governance and advancing a modern Islamic civilization. To attain this objective, leveraging the invaluable experiences of Islamic civilization is of utmost significance. Given the pivotal role of the Court of Justice in upholding social justice, public security and welfare, it has always held a sensitive position within the administrative framework of Islamic civilization. Rulers have consistently prioritized appointing individuals of the utmost suitability for this role. Therefore, this research endeavors to address two fundamental questions: firstly, were there specific criteria and strategies for appointing judges? If the answer is affirmative, the subsequent question pertains to the methods and processes for equipping qualified individuals for this role. This research adopts a descriptive-analytical approach and relies on library documents. it begins by tracing the historical development of the judicial role and subsequently delves into explicating the responses to these questions, drawing inspiration from texts related to the state administration. Within this context, various requirements, encompassing qualifications for sound judgment and personal attributes, have been meticulously considered by the leaders. These include elements such as field research, face-to-face interviews, reviews of past experiences, among others, aimed at achieving the most judicious selection.

The prevailing political turmoil and the fragile economic conditions compelling Afghans to desperation and migration serve as backdrop for this research. Anchored in the theory of democratic government legitimacy, this study employs a descriptive-analytical approach to address the perplexing paradox in international government practices concerning the non-recognition of the Taliban government within the realm of international law. Many countries maintain relations with the Taliban government; with active embassies in Kabul and diplomatic engagements with its officials. Some countries such as China, Russia, Iran, and Turkey as well as Turkmenistan have entrusted the Afghan embassy to the caretaker government of the Taliban. Yet,these nations officially refrain from granting recognition and insist that their interactions should not be construed as such..  A primary objective of this research is to elucidate the distinction between recognition and other international functions of governments, with a particular emphasis on the strategy of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The central hypothesis posits that the international community views the legitimacy of the Taliban government with skepticism, deeming population, territory, and sovereignty as insufficient indicators of its legitimacy. The research findings underscore the pivotal  importunate of recognition for the Taliban government because, as without recognition, it remains excluded from the international community.. The existence and stand of governments in the international arena hinge on recognition, a principle applicable to the Taliban government as well. Recognition or non-recognition by another government is a unilateral and discretionary political action that does not affect the existence of a government. Instead, it carries political implications for the recognizing state. Therefore, recognition is a privilege rather than an inherent right, contingent on the intention of the recognizing state. It cannot be attained solely through adherence to international law, as the law concerns itself with the legal consequences of a political reality‒ the state. The framework and political context determine this right. The international community holds the contemporary standard of democratic government legitimacy, characterized by adherence to democracy, the rule of law, respect for human rights, the rights of ethnic and religious minorities, and the non-establishment of government through the use of force, as the criterion for recognition. The Taliban government must align with these principles to secure international recognition.. Other governments' actions, guided by various considerations, do not constitute recognition, and does not entail its legal implications, and do not grant the Taliban government membership in the international community. Therefore, adherence to the principles of democratic government legitimacy appears as the sole viable path to rescue both the Taliban government and the Afghan people from their current predicament.