فصلنامه اقتصاد کشاورزی و توسعه
پیاپی 122 (تابستان 1402)

Given the shortage of annual income for farmers in villages, rural households do not have significant savings to finance their activities. Thus, they inevitably have to turn to formal or informal sources to provide part of their financial requirements in order to be able to provide their required inputs on time. This study aimed at investigating the problem of providing liquidity to small farmers and selling products immediately after harvest with unsuitable prices, which brings very low profit margins and sometimes losses for farmers. To solve the problem, the proposal of FAO was reviewed using the capacity of the Iranian Agricultural Commodity Exchange, where a warehouse receipt system was proposed for short-term financing of farmers. In order to operationalize the warehouse receipt system in Iran, it was designed and localized according to the type of financial and economic relations governing the country.

In this study, the dynamic programming or Bellman Equation was used. According to Bellman equation, a crop year is divided into two seasons, the first season is called Marketing Season and the second one is called Without Product Season. Marketing season begins with harvesting of corn and would be finished with the beginning of without product season. Without product season starts at the end of selling Corn and would be finished at the beginning of next harvesting. The smallholder farmer begins the marketing season by storing freshly harvested corn. He must decide how much of his corn he wants to sell at the initial market prices and how much he wants to store (the amounts of the product stored are divided into two parts including the amount stored in the farmer's farm and the amount stored in the commercial warehouses; and the storage in the commercial warehouse is costly for him. In this study, it was assumed that the corns were not transferred to the next year. To optimize the farmer's current and future consumption utility, the dynamic planning method with the aim of maximizing the consumption utility function of the small-scale farmer in season i (here, it included two seasons of marketing and without product and had two values) with definition limits was used to finance the warehouse receipt system.

Optimizing the utility of the farmer's current and future consumption according to the amount of corn sales and storage was done using MATLAB 2021Rb software. By values in tables the results of the feasibility of using the warehouse receipt system method by the farmer as a short-term financing tool was studied. In this study, three scenarios were examined. In the first scenario, which is the same as the basic state, the farmer's degree of risk aversion to corn price changes during the marketing season was considered to be 0.4; thus, at the optimal point, the farmer would sell 25 percent of the corn at the time of harvest and store the remaining 75 percent of the corn in the farm warehouse. In the second scenario, the farmer's degree of risk aversion to corn price changes during the marketing season was considered to be 0.5; thus, at the optimal point, the farmer would sell 43 percent of the corn at harvest time and store the remaining 57 percent of the corn in the farm warehouse (the amount of corn stored in the commercial warehouse would be zero). There were also consumed 48 percent of the income from the sale of corn products in the marketing season and stores and the remaining 52 percent in cash during the marketing season for use in the off-season. Finally, in the third scenario, the farmer's degree of risk aversion to corn price changes during the marketing season was considered to be 0.6; thus, at the optimal point, the farmer would sell 53 percent of the corn at the time of harvest and store the remaining 47 percent of the corn in the farm warehouse. The amount of corn stored in the commercial warehouse by the farmer would be zero. Also, there were consumes 47 percent of the income from the sale of corn products in the marketing season and stored the remaining 53 percent in cash during the marketing season for use in the off-season.

According to the study results, the use of the warehouse receipt system by Iranian corn growers has failed under the studied conditions and it will be applicable only in certain conditions for risk-taking people. Therefore, considering many benefits of this method application for farmers, for its implementation, the following are suggested: 1. Knowledge and awareness of farmers through training and education will reduce the risk of adopting new methods. Therefore, by introducing and informing about the advantages and disadvantages of the proposed plan, it will be easier for farmers to make their decisions.2. The government can provide the conditions for farmers to use this method by applying price policies. The government can optimize the possibility of storing corn in commercial warehouses by creating a price difference for different qualities of corn.3. The government can support the implementation of this method by granting facilities with a low interest rate through which in addition to benefiting the farmers, the commodity exchange will be developed.4. Securitization of warehouse receipts for supply in the commodity exchange can optimize the farmers' use of the warehouse receipt financing system. Farmers or intermediaries in the agricultural sector can use this method to market their products and sell them at the right price.

Estimating the supply and demand of the agricultural sector and recognizing the factors affecting it can make policies and planning in this sector more efficient. The main purpose of this study is to identify the required policies to balance the supply and demand of agricultural products in Sistan region. Therefore, in order to achieve these goals, the variables affecting the supply and demand of Sistan agricultural products in the Helmand catchment during the period 2001-2019 were studied using the simultaneous equation system of the three-step least squares method. Findings show that factors such as the level of agriculture and horticulture in the agricultural sector, labor force in the agricultural sector, capital of the agricultural sector, water demand in the agricultural sector, the price of agricultural products have a positive and significant effect on agricultural supply. Population factors and income from the agricultural sector have a positive and significant effect and the price of agricultural products has a negative and significant effect on agricultural demand.

Nowadays, standards in the world become as one the most important criteria in economic exchange as well as food industrial respect to development issues and it takes into account in agricultural development. The most Iran’s national standards provided from beginning are related to agricultural standards. The current study attempted to determine factors causes against standardizing of agricultural crops in Kurdistan province. The statistical population of the study are whole experts employed in all governmental offices such as standard, natural resources, Agri-Jehad organization, medicinal university’s deputy of food and medicine, faculty members which their filed are related to the study case in all universities like university of Kurdistan, medicinal and Sanandaj Islamic Azad University that all are about 300 people. Data were collected through interview and filling questionnaire by census method. The exploratory factor analysis were used to analyze data. The results of factor analysis divided all the barriers into 7 factors, which they are named address to their variables nature that formed them. These are knowledge, attitude, economic, structural-organizational, barriers related to private sector and mass media, trade and marketing as well as environmental barriers which could explained 55.029 percent of total variance. The results showed that, success of standardization in agriculture need more attention and without having a planned strategy based on its characteristics cannot take place. The structural and organizational were introduce as the most important barriers. We may recommend planning, bedding, incentive and facilitating, governmental support and patronage subject to privatization of standards in agricultural sector.

This study aimed at investigating economic vulnerability due to climate change in the agricultural sector of south of Kerman province using Ricardian model and Panel data in 1991-2019 periods. The results showed that climatic variables have significant and non- linear effects on net income per hectare of wheat cultivation. Also, the increase in temperature and decrease in rainfall in the next 100 years will cause a 41% decrease in the yield of wheat cultivation in the studied area, and the average annual income of each hectare of wheat cultivation will decrease by 64 million Rials. Considering that the area under wheat cultivation in the southern region of Kerman in the 2018 crop year is about 38,658 hectares, it can be concluded that if the Area under cultivation is constant, 2469 thousand billion riyals will be reduced from the rent of the mentioned lands. Therefore, there will be drastic changes in the production and cultivation pattern. The results of this study and related statistics show that severe economic vulnerability in this region will affect farmers and the economy of the region and even the country. Due to the inevitable and imminent warming of the earth, it is necessary measures should be taken in the direction of Further investigation of the issue, reduction of fossil fuel consumption, modifying the cultivation pattern and preventing damages caused by climate change for the farmers of south Kerman region.Keywords: Economic vulnerability, Climate change, South of Kerman province, Ricardian method, Agriculture.

The main purpose of this study is to identify and rank the most important technological projects in the agricultural sector of Hamadan province in the five-year horizon (2022-2026) using the combined SWOT approach, hierarchical analysis process and TOPSIS.

The research method is applied in terms of purpose and survey-descriptive in terms of data collection. The statistical population of the study includes 30 experts and academics and industry experts who due to the limited population, all members were used as a statistical sample. For this purpose, first the opportunities and challenges of the cities of Hamadan province in the agricultural sector are mentioned; Then, using the opinions of experts, the points (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats) of the agricultural sector of the cities of the province were identified; Then, using the hierarchical analysis process approach, key indicators in evaluating high-potential projects were evaluated and the weights of the indicators were calculated.

The output of this approach showed that the indicators in terms of importance were: 1- feasibility, 2- technological nature of the project, 3- attractiveness of the project and 4- completion of the value chain. Finally, the projects were evaluated and ranked using TOPSIS technique and expert opinions.

The final result of the evaluation of this technique indicates that the "High Tech Greenhouse" project is in the first rank and the "Gene Bank" project is in the last rank in terms of importance in the development of the province's agricultural sector. At the end, practical suggestions were...

A guaranteed purchasing policy is a method by which the state buys the product at a guaranteed price from farmers. In the event of a fall in market prices at or below the guaranteed price, the government guarantees the purchase of the product at a guaranteed price. Purchase Guaranteed is one of the government's supportive policies that have been implemented in Iran since 1989 for some products. The problems that have arisen in implementing this policy over the years. The necessity of evaluating the performance of the Rural Cooperative Organization as the implementer of this policy is necessary. Therefore, in this research, the Ordered Logit model was used to identify the issues and problems of the guaranteed purchase law. According to the results, the variables of satisfaction with agricultural jobs, the speed of payment, the appropriate attitude of employees and authorities, the quality of available inputs, the way of measuring the purity and the percentage of product loss and taking into account the quality of the product produced in almost all five products tested positive and meaningful. Therefore, increasing each of these variables will increase the satisfaction of the guaranteed purchase plan

In recent years, the issue of climate change due to global warming has become a major concern and an important challenge around the world that requires comprehensive and mutual action. Agriculture is the most climate dependent sector. Due to its hot and dry climate, Iran is at risk of global damage from these changes. In addition, comprehensive sanctions have had an impact on the agricultural sector. This research has investigated the effects of climatic variables of temperature and precipitation and the amount of CO2 emissions along with the effect of sanctions on the total agricultural production of Iran during the years 1971-2019 using the FMOLS econometric model. The results showed that all variables had a significant effect on production. The climatic variable of average annual temperature and total annual rainfall has found a non-linear relationship with production and its significance is in the form of an inverted U. The variables of fertilizer and cultivated area have a positive effect on the total agricultural production of Iran, and the variables of CO2 and sanctions have a negative effect. The findings of this research can be used in providing strategic plans for policy makers in the face of climate change. It is suggested that the government, by investing more in the mechanization of the agricultural sector and granting facilities and credits with the priority of training farmers and using temperature-resistant cultivars and varieties, should act regionally against the phenomenon of climate change.

In addition to natural and human factors, the most important factor in the destruction of Iran's forests is the unauthorized exploitation of the forest and the supply of industrial wood for various purposes. Wood cultivation with hardy species outside of natural stands can be the best factor for reducing the pressure on forests, meeting the needs of industries and economic prosperity. Optimum planning in this sector and identification of suitable potential investment plans require a fundamental evaluation of the plans. In this regard, in this study, the economic analysis of wood cultivation projects in three provinces of the country was performed using discount criteria. The required data and information were collected by referring to the Forests, Rangelands, Watershed Management Organization, and the Agricultural Jihad Organization in 1400. The results showed that using the methods of net present value, benefit to cost ratio and internal rate of return, 6 of the 7 projects reviewed, have economic justification and will be profitable at the end of the operating period. The development of wood cultivation in favorable areas in terms of ecological conditions, the use of effluent for irrigation of trees, contract farming and the combination of wood cultivation with one of the crops are some of the suggestions of the present study.

Food security, supply chains, and food safety have all been affected by the Covid-19 pandemic. The social, economic, and health problems caused by the Covid-19 pandemic posed a direct threat to global life and well-being. The present study aims to identify the factors that influence sustainable development in the agricultural sector, with a particular emphasis on health aspects and critical situations (Covid-19 pandemic). First, the factors influencing sustainable development in the agricultural sector have been identified using the Grounded Theory technique and a thematic literature review. In the second stage, 20 experts in the economy, promotion, and sustainability of agriculture were interviewed using 17 questions to identify the variables that impact sustainable development in the agricultural sector, focusing on health factors and critical circumstances (COVID-19 pandemic). In the third step, the research's final criteria and sub-criteria were determined using the fuzzy Delphi technique and expert opinion. Then, using the fuzzy DEMATEL approach, the internal relationships, influence, and impact of the health factor criteria, critical conditions, and environmental, economic, and social conditions were determined. The results of the study indicate that among the sub-criteria of health, social, economic, environmental factors, and crisis situations, the sub-criteria of providing sustainable financial resources in the health sector, the degree of farmer personal development, facilitating the export of agricultural products in critical conditions, and the status of managing medical waste for Covid-19 and natural disaster have the greatest influence.

Every year, Iran supplies a large amount of corn through imports, and this issue, along with the increasing trend of dependence on corn, has made Iran as one of the major importers of corn in the world. In this paper, by studying the price behavior of corn in the market of corn producing countries in the world, including Brazil, Ukraine, Russia, India, USA and Argentina, the hypothesis of corn market integration and the law of one price were tested. The data used were monthly and from September 2004 to December 2021. The results show that the global corn trade is formed in a fully integrated market and the data of each market like price fluctuation signals are transmitted to each other. In addition, the global corn market follows the law of one price and the goods of each market were perfect substitutes for each other. The price leadership test also showed that the United States has a leading role in the market due to the high production and supply of corn, and other producers adjust the price of their product based on the price discovered in the US market.