International Journal of Biomedicine and Public Health
Volume:2 Issue: 4, Autumn 2019

The use of chemical and vegetable compounds reduces the microbial plaque of the tooth. The aim of this study was to investigate the synergistic antibacterial effects of methanolic extract of Melissa officinalis L. (Lemon balm)and mouthwash Vi-one on Streptococcus mutant and Streptococcus sanguinis. Methanolic extract of lemon balm was prepared by Soxhlet method. The concentrations of 250, 125, 62.5, 31.25, 15.26, 7.81, 3.9, 1.95, 0.97 and 0.48 mg/ml of methanol extract and mouthwash prepared and mixed in the same proportion.Agar well diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were used to determine the antibacterial effect. The highest non-growth zones were 21 mm for Streptococcus mutant and 22 mm for Streptococcus sanguinis which observed at a concentration of 250 mg/ml. The best value of MIC and the MBC for both bacteria were 7.81 and 62.5 mg/ml, respectively. As the concentration increased, antibacterial activity increased as well (p≤0.05). The results of this study showed the synergistic antibacterial effects of lemon balmand mouthwash on bacteria. More in vivo researches are needed to confirm and use the above combination.

Gallstone ileus is a rare cause of mechanical small bowel obstruction due to gallstone impaction within the lumen of the small intestine after passing through biliary enteric fistula. We report a case of gallstone ileus that was diagnosed with Rigler's triad (small bowel obstruction, ectopic gallstone, pneumobilia) in abdominal contrast-enhanced CT scan that is less than 30% of the patients.Key words: Gall stone, Ileus, small bowel obstruction, pneumobilia, Rigler's triad.

Policy- and decision-making is of extreme importance in the health-care sector, and, in this regard, policy- and decision-makers try to take into account all aspects of health policy and use all the levers necessary for its effective implementation. In the health policy process, individuals, groups and organizations can have an impact, in that they are trying to influence health policies by fulfilling their demands. Social media can play an important role too in improving and increasing awareness among health policy- and decision-makers and people, and, therefore, they can have an influence as one of the most important actors in the health policy process. Health policy- and decision-makers should try to be able to interact with social media before implementing a policy. Of course, the purpose of this interaction is not to align the social media to the unconditional implementation of a policy. The goal is to better explain the challenges and problems created by implementing a policy to better inform public opinion and increase its awareness. Unfortunately, some healthcare providers do not have a proper relationship with social media. Failure to support social media from health-care policy- and decision-makers can have adverse health outcomes.

 Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the chronic inflammatory diseases of the nervous system. The cause of the disease has not yet been clearly identified. Environmental factors and infections, including the toxoplasma, are hypothesized to be the cause of the disease. Toxoplasma has important effects in diseases related to the nervous system. Our goal was to compare the serum antibody level against toxoplasma in patients with MS and healthy people in Sanandaj, Iran.     In this case-control study, 100 patients with MS who were registered in the MS Society of Sanandaj and 200 matched healthy blood donors from the Sanandaj Blood Transfusion Organization (control group) were studied from 2015 to 2016. 5 ml blood sample was obtained from all subjects and then after isolation of patients' sera, IgG antibodies against toxoplasma -antigens were measured by ELISA method. Data were analyzed by SPSS software and Chi-square test.     Toxoplasma antigen was found in 13% of patient group (p=0.204) and 14.5% of control group, there is no significant difference between the levels of anti-toxoplasma antibody in the 2 groups (P > 0.05). The age of patients was between 20-40 years and the control group was also matched accordingly. The place of residence of all patients and all the control group was urban.     It seems that toxoplasma gondii has not relation with MS.

Child abuse can cause psychological and delinquent and antisocial behaviorsin abused children. Family factors and parenting styles are among the important causes ofchild abuse. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of child abuse and itsrelationship with parenting styles among primary school children in Sanandaj in 2016-2017. This cross-sectional study was conducted on primary school children whoresided in Sanandaj during 2016-2017. Study sample size was 393 children and samplingmethod was cluster random sampling. Data was collected using Majdzadeh’s standard childabuse questionnaire and Baumrind‘s parenting style questionnaire. Dispersion indices wereused for continuous variables and the chi-square test was used for categorical variables. Thelevel of statistical significance was set as P < 0.05. Out of 393 students 44.8% were boys and 55.2% were girls. The prevalence ofpsychological-emotional child abuse was 74.2%, while physical and neglect child abusewere observed 58.4% and 99% of the children respectively. Neglect child abuse was moreprevalent among girls while physical child abuse was more prevalent among boys. Therewas a significant relationship between paternal occupation and physical child abuse (P =0.017). Child abuse was significantly related to the birth order of children (p=0.008).Among the parenting styles, authoritative parenting had a reverse and significantrelationship with physical child abuse (P = 0.009). There was no significant relationshipbetween other parenting styles and child abuse (P > 0.05). Regarding the high prevalence of child abuse and its reverse relationship withauthoritative parenting style and physical child abuse, it is suggested for parents to use this

Pregnancy makes significant changes that require various psychological adjustments and are often associated with depression and anxiety. Social support is one of the factors that play an important role in anxiety and depression. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between social support with depression and anxiety during third trimester pregnancy in Turkmen women.

This cross-sectional study was conducted on 320 pregnant women referred to rural health houses and urban health centers in Aq -Qala County in 2016 based on multistage cluster sampling method. Demographic checklist, the Vaux social support questionnaire, the Vandenberg anxiety during pregnancy questionnaire and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale were filled for all women. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 18. Descriptive statistics, Spearman correlation coefficient and Generalized linear regression model were used.

The mean age of the pregnant women was 25.7 ± 5.5 years. Majority of the women (97.8%) were housewives and 34.7% had primary education. Social support was inversely correlated with depression and anxiety. Social support had a significant direct relationship with the duration of marriage and age at marriage and a significant inverse relationship with concern about cost of delivery and marital discord (P < 0.05). Depression had a significant direct correlation with education and income status. Both depression and anxiety had a significant direct correlation with concern about cost of delivery and a significant inverse correlation with family support (P < 0.05).

Pregnant mothers with high social support are less likely to experience depression and anxiety. Developing programs to increase family support, reduce marital discord, and concern about the cost of delivery can increase social support and reduce depression and anxiety in Turkmen women.