فصلنامه نگرش های نو در جغرافیای انسانی
سال پانزدهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 59، تابستان 1402)

Over the past few decades, the increasing growth of cities has caused extensive changes in different regions of the world. This trend in industrial cities and metropolises, with the provision of comfort facilities, has led to the expansion of their physical dimensions and has brought various consequences. Changes of initial form of the urban area’s is one of the most important factors of the physical growth of the cities which has a direct impact on the surrounding environment. In the past, mankind has tried to examine, plan and even adapt preventive methods for cases where environmental changes took effect suddenly and in a short period, such as floods and storms, based on historical data and records, the causes and conditions of its occurrence to predict. But only during the last few decades, those changes that have had long term effects, such as climate change, without any objective representation, have been measured and investigated with different methods and found its harmful effects. Mankind has not yet found a special solution for it.

The purpose of this research is to study the orientation of theories focused on the Urban Form and Climate Change, with a descriptive-analytical method and using systematic review’s of data which the output was 39 selected sources out of 705 selected articles from the Scholar Google, Scopus and Web of Science database, determines why and how they are specified and which one is distinguished from the other. Due to the contrast of two variables and the multidisciplinary nature of this research, the issue of urban form has had more weight in opinion raised. Due to a better review, references from 1960 to 2020 were selected and the main keywords were considered without any specific geographical restrictions.

in this research, the urban form has been examined as the physical part of a city, considering all its details and conditions. Studies show that the researches conducted in the filed of the Urban Form have longer history than Climate Change, but these studies are not consistent with the opposition of these two variables and no proper planning has been done in this regard. The findings of the research indicate that in the proposed theories, the physical development of cities has an inverse correlation with the climate, it has become more serious over the past 30 years, and the urban form theories have not been a deterrent factor in changing the physical form of the cities to control climatic conditions. In order to investigate the mutual effect of urban form and climate change, two important points should be considered. First, the basic changes of the city should be examined in specific period that had the most impact, and secondly, the climate change process should be examined in the same time frame. These points help to better analyze what is needed to reduce climate impact.

The most important factors in examining the mutual effects of changing the urban form and climate change include knowing the geographical location, the physical shape, size of cities, the distance between cities, development process and challenges. It is believed that many theories based on urban form could act in a way to propose a preventive plan regarding the climate change challenge. The components of this research have gained importance over the past years with the intensification of climate change effects, but it still has an unknown part of a puzzle that if there is a change in the from of today’s cities, can we imagine better condition for the climate in the future?

Lack of attention to the hidden patterns and valuable social relations that flow in the houses has led to a kind of disconnection in the architecture of the Iranian house, which can be considered as a necessity and in this context, mere attention to the physical points is not enough to achieve the goal. The present study also deals with the Qajar period in which the historical continuity of the meaning of the house has been preserved and with the aim of explaining the biological pattern of Qajar period houses in Dezful based on the theory of space syntax to answer the question: What pattern does the spatial configuration of houses in the Qajar period represent?

The data collection of case samples, based on field observations and with reference to reliable sources and maps, and the extraction of software data was done by A-Graph software. The statistical population includes all houses of Qajar period in Dezful and the sample size includes 10 houses Which has been determined by purposive sampling method. These houses are divided into five groups according to the number and location of the yard and the effect of spatial syntax indicators including " Connectivity, Integration, Depth and Relative Asymmetry " on social structure indicators including "interactions and privacy" has been studied. The method used in the present study is a combined method in a descriptive-analytical manner based on logical reasoning.

The study of privacy indicates that the main yard has the lowest level of privacy compared to other spaces and in the second and third yards, the level of privacy is higher than the main yard and less than the surrounding spaces. The analysis about the access stairs to the upper floors, Shavadan stairs and basement stairs shows that The connection of the stairs of the upper floors has a linear relationship with the number of stairs to access the floors in such a way that with the increase of the connection, the number of access stairs to the higher floors also increases. Also, in the houses that have multiple rooms on the upper floors, more than one staircase is considered for the upper floors, at least one of them is located at the lowest depth, so that relatively independent access from other spaces of the house is possible.

The results of the research show that the hosting of guests in the studied houses is not limited to the hall and according to the type of interactions, guests are also hosted in the vestibule and porch spaces. The present research shows that in all the classifications, the courtyard and porch spaces have the highest level of permeability in the houses of the Qajar period of Dezful and have the highest interaction value. According to the study of the studied houses, the research hypothesis that there is a significant pattern in the spatial configuration of Dezful houses in the Qajar period was confirmed and the results obtained show that Although these houses are in different categories in terms of physical diversity.

Public spaces in cities have a significant role to play in creating a sense of happiness, and through this role can increase vitality in cities. Urban squares including Ganjali Khan Square in Kerman, used to play a role as the center of gravity of people's social presence, but today their status and importance have diminished and any sense of vitality and vitality has been taken away from citizens.The purpose of this study and evaluate the role of Ganjali Khan Square in Kerman in creating a sense of vitality of citizens

The method of data collection has been done through library studies and field surveys. The statistical population of the study is citizens who have come to Ganjali Khan to spend their leisure time. In this regard, the researcher completed a total of 140 questionnaires during a one week. Also, experts who use the Delphi technique have selected 25 people as sample volumes To analyze the data, the tests of comparison of the mean of the current and ideal situation and stepwise regression, as well as the coefficient of importance of the criteria of the SWARA technique have been used.

Comparison of the current and ideal situation in the indicators of sense of vitality and happiness in Ganjali Khan Square shows the average of all indicators is lower than the base limit (3). The results of stepwise regression model show that the emotional index with the beta coefficient of 0/517 has the highest effect and the security index with a beta coefficient of 0/287 is the least effect on the happiness of the Ganjali field Khan has been in Kerman city. The results of the SWARA model indicate that among the indicators affecting the vitality and happiness of Ganjali Khan Square in Kerman, the security index with the final weight of 0/339 was ranked first, the social index with the weight of 0/271 in the second place, the physical spatial index With a weight of 0/217 in the third and finally an emotional index with a final weight of 0/174 ranked fourth.

In general, it can be concluded that Ganj Ali Khan Square in Kerman city is not in a favorable condition in terms of making people happy. This requires the serious attention of officials and city managers in relation to each other.

The Silk Road was a major trade route between China and Europe between the third century B. C. and the fifteenth century A. D. In recent years, WTO and UNESCO attention to the heritage of the Silk Road has grown, and attempts are being made to find strategies to preserve and exploit heritage sites located on this historical route. Meanwhile, promoting tourism can be a strategy for flourishing and entrepreneurship on the Silk Road.

The qualitative and quantitative method was used in this study and the Silk Road of Iran was selected as a case study. In the first step, an interview form was designed to identify entrepreneurial opportunities of Silk Road tourism of Iran. Data was gathered through snowball sampling method and analysed by using coding (open and axial coding) method. Finally, in order to determine priority of entrepreneurial opportunities of Silk Road tourism of Iran a Friedman test was applied.

The results demonstrated that entrepreneurial opportunities of Silk Road tourism of Iran can be classified into nine categories of opportunity – health & wellness, leisure and tourism, accommodation, public, transportation, business, cultural, administrative and financial. Also, the results of Friedman test revealed that among the accommodation opportunities restoration and changing caravanserai into hotels had the highest priority. In addition, experiencing historical travel style on the Silk Road of Iran was identified as the most important leisure and tourism opportunities. Furthermore, establishment of the restaurant on the Silk Road and serving the historical meals that flourished at the time of the flourishing Silk Road was mentioned by experts as an important public opportunities. It is noteworthy that, development of railway projects had the highest priority among transportation opportunities. And, commercial use of buildings on the Silk Road, such as holding galleries, introducing works of art, and offering commercially cultural products had the first priority among business opportunities. Besides, organizing cultural and historical tours was introduced as an important cultural opportunities. Moreover, among the identified health & wellness opportunities, arranging health and wellness tours on the Silk Road was the most significant opportunities. Creating a Silk Road secretariat and executive human resources was most attractive administrative opportunities. In addition, private investment for Silk Road tourism projects has the highest priority among financial opportunities.

The results of qualitative and quantitative method allow authors to conclude that promotion of tourism on the Silk Road of Iran is not just a strategy for preserving the heritage and protecting the Silk Road, but it can provide opportunities for entrepreneurship and the development of local economy. Regarding this, the implementation of the National Tourism Plan of the Silk Road is recommended with emphasis on the cities located on the historical rout of the Silk Road, approved by UNESCO. In addition, the study of the tendency of domestic and foreign tourists to travel to the Silk Road is one of the research that researchers are advised to do in the future.

Introduction :

Many development planners and politicians regard the tourism industry as one of the main pillars of sustainable development, so that many countries consider tourism as the main source of income, employment, private sector growth and infrastructure development. Sustainable development is one of the most important development strategies that in the tourism sector should help improve the quality of life of the residents, improve the economic benefits and protect the natural environment of the communities, and provide a high quality experience for visitors and tourists. Khorram Abad city in the center of Lorestan province and western Iran, although it has been selected by the United Nations as a pilot for the implementation of sustainable urban development through tourism, but failure to reach the principles of tourism sustainability in the Khorram Abad Valley (southern part of Khorram Abad city), despite the numerous natural and historical potentials that date back to the latest archaeological finds dating back over 50,000 years, has led, despite efforts Abundantly, the field of recording this valley in the world heritage remains unconcealed. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to study and analyze the tourism characteristics of the Khorram Abad Valley and provide necessary strategies for recording the valley in the World Heritage.

Materials and Methods:

 This research is based on analytical-field research in four stages using a library resource, a researcher-made questionnaire, topographic maps 1: 25000, Arc GIS and SPSS software, and AHP, TOPSIS and SWOT models. The statistical population of the study is 30 experts in the field of tourism. In the first stage, the historical, natural, sporting, recreational and cultural attractions of the study area were gathered. Then, the effective criteria were evaluated and extracted based on the expert’s opinions. In the second stage, the identification and evaluation of internal weaknesses and strengths, threats and opportunities for tourism development in the Khorram Abad Valley were investigated. In the third stage, the ranking of factors affecting the development of tourism in Khorram Abad valley using the TOPSIS model and the overall ranking of factors affecting the development of tourism in Khorram Abad Valley was based on Friedman test. In the end, analyzing the data obtained from the review of the models and presented the results.

Result & Discussion :

To analyze the tourism situation in Khorram Abad Valley, the most important features in the Khorram Abad Valley, which include natural, cultural-historical, religious, recreational and sporting capabilities, are identified and their influence on the views and opinions of tourists is used and the results of the studies were analyzed using the SWOT-AHP model. The results showed that among the indicators assessed in the natural sector (natural and artificial lakes in the city), among cultural indicators (existence of authentic historical and cultural museums from different historical layers) Among the sports indexes (sporting events) and among recreational indicators (the existence of large parks in cities), the most important and, in other words, the most important among the tourist attractions studied in each section. The study of factors influencing tourism development in the studied area using the SWOT model showed that having beautiful natural scenery such as river, cave, enclosure in the mountain, springs in the city and being located in the center of the province as the most important strengths and Factors such as the low social security coefficient, the lack of parking, the lack of trained human resources in tourism and inappropriate management are the main weaknesses in tourism development. Also, In spite of numerous opportunities for tourism development, the lack of proper infrastructure for tourism development in the city, the disappearance of indigenous cultures and socio-cultural interactions due to the presence of tourists and the lack of appropriate capital due to the shorter duration of tourist stay are among the most important threats to tourism in the area Study are considered. The analysis of the effective factors on the development of tourism in Khorram Abad valley using the TOPSIS model showed that using the participatory system of people, governmental and non-governmental organizations are ranked first in the elaboration of measures for the development of tourism in the Khorram Abad Valley. Also, analyzing the factors affecting the development of tourism in Khorram Abad Valley in terms of four main factors management, existing tourism potential, economic and social, using Friedman test showed that management factor in the development of tourism in Khorram Abad Valley is more effective than other factors.

Conclusion :

In order to develop the tourism of the Khorram Abad valley and to provide its global registration as one of the oldest settlements of human civilization, the influential components were studied. The results of the analysis showed that using the participatory system of people, governmental and non-governmental organizations are of the highest importance in prioritizing measures to develop tourism in Khorram Abad Valley. Also, the important natural and historical features of the Khorram Abad valley, such as one of the oldest human habitats, the natural environment and ecosystem, the sequence of cultures and civilizations and cultural diversity in the Khorram Abad Valley shows the importance of the global registration of the study area. The result is that the valley has special historical and natural monuments that make it distinct from other areas. These natural and historical attractions have global values and can be transformed into one of the world's touring cities by means of metropolitan planning. This is when it is possible at the first stage to preserve and restore historical landscapes and natural landscapes at the head of the provincial politics and planning. It should also be possible to control and direct it by adopting an appropriate and efficient approach with strong management based on the Governing Board and the participation of the responsible authorities and the private sector under supportive and encouraging policies and exemptions. Then By achieving the desired strategic goals and objectives, created the basis for sustainable development in this city and province.

Introduction:

 Many development planners and politicians regard the tourism industry as one of the main pillars of sustainable development, Introduction The prevalence and expansion of marginalization, which has become a problem for big cities including Tabriz in the last 5 decades, now its scope has gone beyond big cities and cities and has plagued the surrounding villages, and the development of this phenomenon has added to the problems of the residents of these villages. Therefore, according to the trend of extensive developments in today's cities of the world, the cities of Iran and Azerbaijan in general and the city of Tabriz in particular have witnessed many changes in architecture with historical value and the way of distribution of activities in the past decades. The role of urban management and planning in preserving historical and unique architectures and creating a healthy environment, economic, social, touristic city, etc. has been effective in making the urban system healthy and balanced.

The current research seeks to explain the regeneration of Shams Abad neighborhood in Tabriz city with an emphasis on improving and empowering informal settlements. This research is descriptive-analytical in terms of its nature and method and applied in terms of purpose. Data collection was done with field and library studies. The statistical population of the research also includes 27 urban planning experts. SWOT and Hierarchical Process Analysis (ANP) were used for data analysis..

The findings of the research showed that sub-criterion S1 means having human resources with a weight of 0.388 as the most important advantage, and among the existing weaknesses, W1 means the inappropriateness of the infrastructure, among the threats, T1 means the reduction of natural resources. With a weight of 0.0195, the most important threat and among the opportunities, O1, that is, the formation of national and regional conferences in attracting knowledge capital, with a weight of 0.270, is known as the most important opportunity to improve and empower the Shamsabad region of Tabriz

Thus, the results show that the trend of marginalization is moving toward being unfavorable, and these findings are in line with our research today, which requires a completely social physical strategy. According to the strategies of the current research, the growth of marginalization should be used in the social-physical direction. However, with the passage of time and the increasing development of technology and the incrsocial awareness, it is one of the most key issues in which time and population growth play a significant role.ease in cultural and