نشریه رویش روان شناسی
سال دوازدهم شماره 8 (پیاپی 89، آبان 1402)

This study aimed to determine the mediating role of social comparison about early maladaptive schemas with the body image of female students with obesity. The research method is a description of structural equations. The statistical population of this study consisted of all female high school students with obesity in Tehran from 1401-1400, among 208 people selected as a sample by the purposive sampling method. Data collection tools included The Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (MBRSQ, Cash & Pruzinsky, 1965), the Schema Questionnaire Short form (YSQSF, Young, 1999), the social comparison Questionnaire (SCQ, Gibbons & Bunck, 1991). The results showed that the schematic domains of disconnection and rejection (P=0.001), Impaired autonomy and performance (P=0.027), impaired limits (P=0.001), other-directedness (P=0.001) have a negative and significant direct effect on social comparison, except for the excessive vigilance (P=0.946). Also, social comparison (P=0.001) has a direct effect on body image in a negative and significant way, And all four domains, except the excessive vigilance, have a positive and significant indirect relationship with body image through social comparison (P<0.05). However, the social comparison between the domain of excessive vigilance and with body image of obese female students doesn’t play a mediating role (P>0.05). Consequently, the social comparison between the domains of disconnection and rejection, Impaired autonomy and performance, impaired limits, and other-directedness with the body image of obese female students plays a mediating role. the results showed that the proposed research model had a good fit.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of social-emotional skills training on self-regulation and emotional recognition of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group. The statistical population included all male students with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in the fifth and sixth grades of Tehran in the academic year of 2020-2021. The sample size of the research included 30 male children who were selected by available sampling method and randomly assigned to two groups (15 people in each group). The research tool included the self-regulation questionnaire (SRQ) of Bouffard et al. (1995) and the Facial Affect Recognition Task (FART) of Ekman (1976). The control group did not receive any intervention, but the research experimental group received social-emotional skills intervention during 12 sessions. Multivariate covariance analysis was used to analyze the data. The findings showed that with pre-test control, there was a significant difference between the post-test average of cognitive self-regulation, meta-cognitive self-regulation, and emotion recognition in the two experimental and control groups at the level of 0.01. The results showed that social-emotional skill training is probably an effective treatment for self-regulation and emotion recognition in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

The purpose of the present study was to determine the mediating role of mental health in the relationship between mental fatigue and self-deception with the tendency to divorce. The method of descriptive-correlation research was Structural equation modeling. The statistical population included all the married students of Kerman City in the academic year 2019-2020, of which 300 people were selected by available and voluntary sampling. The research tools include the Tendency to Divorce Scale (TDS) by Roselet et al. (1986), the Marital Boredom Scale (CBM) by Paynes (1996), the Mental Health Scale (MHI-28) by Besharat (2008), and the Self-Deception Scale (SDQ-12) by Siront and colleagues (2019). Pearson's correlation test and Structural equation modeling were used to analyze the data. The results showed that the model has a good fit and there is a significant relationship between self-deception, mental fatigue, and mental health with the tendency to divorce (P<0/05) and it was also found that mental fatigue and self-deception mediate the indirect effect of mental health. It has a negative and significant effect (P<0/01) on the tendency to divorce married students. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that self-deception and mental fatigue, directly and indirectly, affect the tendency to divorce in married students and play an essential role in the tendency to divorce.

This study aimed to validate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Social, Academic, and Emotional Behavior Risk Screener–Teacher Rating Scale (SAEBRS-TRS). The present study was descriptive and validation-type. The statistical population of the research was elementary female students in 6 grades studying in Shiraz in the academic years 2022-2023. The sample size was 233 students and 16 teachers who were selected through multistage random sampling. Data were analyzed with SPSS (version 22) and AMOS (version 24) software. The reliability of the scale and subscales was verified by both Cronbach's alpha (.75-.89) and Spearman-Brown methods (.71-.80). Investigations related to the validity of the content, structure, convergent and divergent of the also confirmed the validity of the said tool. The findings of the confirmatory factor analysis showed that this scale has Three factors and the 18-item structure of the SAEBRS-TRS in Iranian students has an acceptable fit with the data and the goodness of fit indicators confirm it and can be used as a valid tool for screening students at risk of mental health problems.

The present research aimed to predict marital commitment based on the communication patterns and emotional atmosphere of the family of origin with the mediation of emotional maturity. The research method was a descriptive correlation. This research's statistical population was comprised of married men and women in Tehran in 1401. The number of sample people was 339 selected by the available sampling method. The instruments used were Adams and Jones' (1997) marital commitment questionnaires (DCI), Singh and Behar Bhargava's (1990) emotional maturity (EMS), Koerner and Fitzpatrick's (2004) family communication patterns (RFCP), and Heilburn's (1964) family emotional atmosphere (FEAQ). Data analysis was done by the structural equation method. The findings showed that the tested model is a good fit. The direct effect of conversational communication patterns, conformity (P<0.05), and emotional atmosphere of the family of origin (P<0.001) was significant on marital commitment. Also, in the relationship between the conformity communication pattern and the emotional atmosphere of the family of origin with marital commitment, emotional maturity had a mediating role at significance levels of 0.001, respectively. Therefore, according to the significant relationship between communication patterns and the emotional atmosphere of the family with marital commitment, as well as the role of mediator and influencer of emotional maturity, family therapists and counselors can improve the communication patterns of families and so on. To improve the emotional atmosphere of the families of origin, move toward increasing the emotional maturity level of the children.

The present study was conducted to compare the difficulty in emotion regulation and distress tolerance in students with depressed and non-depressed symptoms. This study was a descriptive-comparative. The statistical population of the research consisted of all the students of Lorestan University in the academic year 2021 -2022, and 384 people were selected by the purposeful sampling method. To collect data Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) Beck et al. (1996) Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) Gratz & Roemer (2004) and Distress Tolerance Scale (DTS) Simons & Gaher (2008) were used. Data analysis was done using multivariate analysis of variance and one-way analysis of variance. The results of variance analysis showed that there are significant differences between the two groups of students with depressed and non-depressed symptoms in all the components of the difficulty in emotion regulation (nonacceptance of negative emotions, difficulties engaging in goal-directed behaviors, difficulties controlling impulsive behaviors, limited access to effective emotion regulation strategies, lack of emotional awareness and lack of emotional clarity) and distress tolerance (tolerance, appraisal, absorption, and regulation) (P<0/01). Based on the findings of this research, students' ability to tolerate distress and emotion regulation strategies can be associated with reducing depression in them.

The present study was conducted to investigate the mediating role of cognitive fusion and experiential avoidance in the relationship between negative repetitive thoughts and social anxiety in adolescents. The method of the current research was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population includes all teenagers in Tabriz who were studying in the academic year 1401-1402, and 280 people were selected by the available sampling method. The data were collected using the Social Anxiety Scale (SPIN) by Kehor et al. (2000), and the short version of the Repetitive Thoughts Questionnaire (RTQ) by Ivey et al. Acceptance and Action (AAQ-II) by Band et al. (2011) were compiled. Data were analyzed using structural equation analysis. The results showed that negative recurring thoughts have a direct and positive effect on experiential avoidance and social anxiety (p<0.01). Also, the direct effect of experimental avoidance on social anxiety is positive and significant (p<0.05); However, the direct effect of negative repetitive thoughts on cognitive fusion and the direct effect of cognitive fusion on social anxiety is not significant (p>0.05). On the other hand, the indirect effect of negative repetitive thoughts on social anxiety through experiential avoidance is positive and significant (p<0.05); While the indirect effect of negative repetitive thoughts on social anxiety due to cognitive fusion is not significant (p>0.05). Therefore, it is concluded that experiential avoidance plays a mediating role in the relationship between negative repetitive thoughts and social anxiety, but cognitive fusion cannot mediate the relationship between negative repetitive thoughts and social anxiety.

Hardwired to connect, we do so through affects. Our brains, bodies, and minds are inseparable from the affects that animate them. The Affect is one of the central concepts in the field of theory and application of psychoanalysis as well as psychology. The importance of this concept, both clinically and theoretically, has led all schools of psychoanalysis and psychology to present their theory of affect. Considering the pervasive influence of psychoanalytical theories about affect in psychology, it is important to examine the concept of affect from the perspective of psychoanalysis approaches. Therefore, the purpose of the current research is to review the concept of affect from a psychoanalytical point of view to clarify it as much as possible and also to examine the role of affect in therapeutic techniques. In this article, affect is examined from the perspective of the most important schools of psychoanalysis, i.e. classical psychoanalysis, ego psychology, object relations, and French psychoanalysis. It is hoped that by clarifying this central concept as much as possible, better understanding and treatment of mental disorders will be facilitated.

The current research aimed to determine the effectiveness of reality therapy on post-traumatic growth and psychological distress in bereaved people during the Corona period. The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population in this research was all the people who lost at least one of their family members due to the COVID-19 disease in Tehran in the year 2021. Among them, 24 people, 12 people in the control group and 12 in the experimental group were selected through available sampling methods and randomly placed in two groups. To collect data from demographic characteristics questionnaires, Calhoun and Tedeschi (1996, PTGI), psychological distress questionnaire, Kessler et al. (2002, K-10), and Glaser's reality therapy protocol (2010) during 8 90-minute sessions. Used online. To analyze the data, the multivariate covariance test (MANCOVA) was used. The findings of the research showed that by controlling the effect of the pre-test, there was a significant difference at the level of 0.05 between the post-test average of post-traumatic growth and psychological distress in the two experimental and control groups. As a result, reality therapy can be considered an effective intervention for the bereaved during the Corona period.

The purpose of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of diet combined with exercise and its combined effect with the group emotion-focused therapy on impulse control of obese people with binge eating disorder. The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group with a two-month follow-up. The statistical population of the study included all obese people suffering from overeating who were referred to the obesity clinic of Sina Hospital in Tehran in 1401. The sample size included 51 people (17 people in each group) selected by available sampling method. The research tool included the Impulsivity Questionnaire (BIQ) by Barrett (1995). The control group did not receive any intervention, but both research experimental groups received a diet combined with exercise during 12 sessions, and one of the experimental groups received 10 sessions of approximately 2 hours of emotion-focused therapy. A mixed variance analysis was used to analyze the data. The results showed that the difference between the pre-test and post-test and follow-up of diet combined with exercise in combination with emotion-focused therapy in impulse control (cognitive and lack of planning) is significant (P<0.05), but the difference between the pre-test, post-test, and follow-up of the diet therapy group with exercise was not significant in impulse control components (P>0.05). Results showed that emotion-focused therapy is probably a more efficient treatment compared to the diet combined with exercise for the treatment of impulse control in obese people with binge eating disorders.

The present study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of compassion-focused acceptance and commitment therapy and yoga exercises on the self-management of people with multiple sclerosis (MS). The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group with a follow-up period of two months. The statistical population of the research included all the MS patients of Borujerd City registered in the MS Association in 2022. In this research, 66 people were randomly selected into three groups of 22 people a group of compassion-focused acceptance and commitment therapy, yoga exercises, and a control group. The group of compassion-focused acceptance and commitment therapy included 10 90-minute sessions that were held once a week. Also, yoga training sessions were held in 24 90-minute sessions three times a week. To measure self-management in the measurement stages, the Multiple Sclerosis Self-Management Scale–Revised (MSSM-R) by Bishop and Frain (2011) was used. Data analysis was done using the statistical test of analysis of variance-repeated measurement. The results of the pairwise comparison of the groups showed that the changes in the treatment group compassion-focused acceptance and commitment therapy with the group of yoga exercises (P=0.028) and the control group (P=0.011) were significant (P<0.05). In general, it can be concluded that only the treatment based on compassion-focused acceptance and commitment therapy until the follow-up stage was effective in improving self-management.

The present compared the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy and virtual reality exposure therapy on cognitive emotion regulation in students with social anxiety disorder. The study method was quasi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test design with a control group and a one-month follow-up. The statistical population of the study included all the second-year high school students of Ghaemshahr schools in the academic year 2022-2023. A total of 51 eligible students were included in the study using a convenience sampling method and were randomly divided into 2 intervention groups and 1 control group (17 people in each group). The first and second experimental groups, respectively, were cognitive-behavioral therapy and virtual reality exposure therapy during 12 and 8 sessions. The research tools were cognitive emotion regulation questionnaires (GERQ, Garnefski, & Kraaij, 2006). The data were analyzed by the method of analysis of variance with repeated measurements and Bonferroni’s post hoc test. The results revealed that both interventions of cognitive-behavioral therapy and virtual reality exposure therapy, compared to the control group, significantly increased adapted emotion regulation and decreased maladapted emotion regulation (P<0.01). Also, the effect of both intervention methods was maintained until the one-month follow-up stage. Also, cognitive-behavioral therapy was more effective compared to virtual reality exposure therapy (P> 0.01). The results of the study revealed the priority of using cognitive-behavioral therapy compared to virtual reality exposure therapy to improve cognitive emotion regulation by child and adolescent therapists.

This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of the academic ethics package on educational engagement and the academic flow of high school students. The research method was a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest with a control group. The statistical population of this study was the high school students in Sanandaj in the academic year 2020-2021, from which 60 people were selected by purposive sampling method and then randomly assigned to two groups of 30 experimental and Control Groups. The Academic Ethics program was implemented for the experimental group for a 90-minute session every week. educational engagement (Zerang 2012- EEQ) and academic flow (Martin, Jackson, 2008- FSS) were used to collect data. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance. The results of the analysis showed that by controlling the pre-test effect, there is a significant difference between the post-test average of educational engagement and academic flow in the two test and control groups at the P<0.001 level. From the above findings, it can be concluded that academic ethics education is effective in increasing students' educational engagement and academic flow. According to the results of the research, it is suggested that teachers and practitioners in the field of education improve students' academic engagement and academic flow by applying academic ethics in educational programs.

The present study aims to determine the diagnostic validity of the fifth version of the Wechsler Children's Intelligence Scale in students with attention deficit disorder in Tehran cities. The method of the current research is methodological it is psychometric. The statistical population included all the students in first, second, and third grades of the cities of Tehran province in the academic year of 1401-1402, who were under educational-therapeutic intervention in counseling and psychology centers of these cities as students with attention deficit. The research sample group included 120 students with attention deficits in the study with a non-random sampling method. The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fifth Edition (2015, WISC-V) was the research instrument. The data collected using descriptive statistics indices (central tendency indices and dispersion indices) scatter diagram method (Davis method) and confidence interval method were used to check the diagnostic validity. The research findings showed that all tests of "Working memory" and "processing speed" scales have diagnostic validity. Therefore, tests of " Working memory" and "processing speed" scales can distinguish students with attention deficit disorder from normal students.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between a mother's attachment style and aggression of children aged 3-6 years with the mediation of a mother's mindfulness. The research method was descriptive-correlation and structural equation model type. The statistical population of the research consisted of all the mothers of children aged 3 to 6 years in preschool centers and kindergartens in Tehran in the academic year 2019-2020, and 290 of them were selected as a sample. The tools of this research included the Adult Attachment Questionnaire (RAAS, Collins and Reed, 1990), the Preschool and Kindergarten Behavior Scale (PKBS, Merrell, 1994), and the Five-Dimensional Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ, Bauer et al., 2006). The research data were analyzed using the structural equation analysis method. The results showed that the model fitted well. Based on the findings of the research, the relationship between the mother's attachment style and the child's aggression was positive and significant (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05) and also mother's attachment style was indirectly related to the child's aggression through the mother's mindfulness. (p < 0.05). According to the above findings, it can be concluded that mothers' mindfulness plays a mediating role in the relationship between their attachment style and children's aggression.

The present study was conducted to investigate the relationship between personality differences and marital intimacy with the mediating role of emotional literacy in couples of Khomeini Shahr city. The method of this research was descriptive-analytical. The statistical population included all cohabiting couples in Khomeini Shahr city in 2022-2023, from which 220 people were selected according to the minimum statistical sample size for structural equations. The data collection tool was the Bagarozi Marital Intimacy Standard Questionnaires (MINQ, 2001); The personality differences were Myers-Briggs (MBTI, 1970) and alchemical emotional literacy (EL, 2011). The structural equation model (SEM) test was used to measure the fit of the model. The results obtained from the research model test showed that extroversion personality types; intuitive; sensory Emotional; intellectual Observer and judge have a significant effect on marital intimacy and emotional literacy (P<0.01). Also, the mediating role of emotional literacy through extroversion, introversion, emotionality, referent, and judgment was confirmed in marital intimacy (P < 0.05). The results showed that the research model is confirmed in terms of meaningful and fitting indicators, therefore, it seems that people with the personality traits of extroversion, introversion, emotional, referrer, and judge through emotional literacy have more intimacy in married life. They experience it themselves.

The present study was conducted to determine the mediating role of social support in the relationship between Family Emotional Climate and the behavioral problems of preschool children. The research method was descriptive-correlation based on structural equation modeling. This research was applied in terms of purpose and correlational in terms of methodology. The statistical population included children aged 4 to 6 and preschool children living in Tehran in 2021, of which 358 children were selected by convenience sampling. To collect data, the Berne Family Emotional Climate Questionnaire (BEFCQ, Hillburn, 1964), the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS, Zimmet et al., 1988), and behavioral problems of preschool children (Shahim and Yousefi, 2018) were used. To analyze the data, Pearson's correlation test and structural equation model and SPSS-V22 and PLS-V3 Smart software were used. The findings showed that the emotional atmosphere of the family has a direct effect on children's behavioral problems (β=-0.3 and P≤0.05), and social support has a direct effect on children's behavioral problems (β=-0.3 and P≤0.05). The emotional climate of the family had an indirect effect on children's behavioral problems through the mediating role of social support (β = -0.132 and P = 0.001); Therefore, the emotional atmosphere of the family and social support have a significant effect on the process of children's behavioral problems. These findings have practical applications for psychologists, school counselors, educators, and parents who are in contact with preschool children.

This study aimed to translate and validate the Persian version of the Multidimensional Wellbeing in Youth Scale (MWYS) for a sample of Iranian adolescents. This descriptive-evaluative study translated and validated the Farsi version of the Multidimensional Wellbeing in Youth Scale (MWYS) in a sample of Iranian adolescents. The study population consisted of all adolescents aged 12-18 years living in Qom, Iran, in 2022-23, of whom 300 adolescents were selected as the sample through convenience sampling. To examine the test-retest reliability of MWYS, 50 participants were randomly selected to fill out this scale twice at an interval of two weeks. The Multidimensional Wellbeing in Youth Scale (MWYS, Green et al., 2023), the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS, Diener et al., 1985), and the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS, Cohen et al., 1983) were used in this study. The obtained data were statistically analyzed in SPSS and AMOS. Results showed the favorable test-retest reliability (0.77) and internal consistency (0.73) of MWYS, according to Cronbach’s alpha. The confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) also demonstrated that the five-factor measurement model was well fitted to the data after removing items 13, 14, 18, 30, and 33 (RMSEA=0.04, CFI=0.91, X2/df=2.76). Also, the results showed that MWYS has favorable convergent and divergent validity. Since MWYS exhibited acceptable validity and reliability in a sample of Iranian adolescents, it is recommended to be used for measuring the well-being of Iranian adolescents.

The present study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of compassion-focused group therapy on conflict resolution strategies and the difficulty of emotion regulation in couples with marital conflict. The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group and a three-month follow-up. The statistical population of this research included all the couples with marital conflict who were referred to counseling centers in Karaj City in 2022, which were selected by purposive sampling among 30 eligible volunteer couples and randomly assigned to 2 experimental and control groups. The experimental group underwent Gilbert's compassion-focused group therapy for 10 sessions of 75 minutes (2 sessions per week). The measurement tools in this research were Strauss et al. 's (1996) Conflict Resolution Strategies Questionnaire (CTS2), Gertz and Roemer's (2004) Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (DERS) and Binary Marital Conflicts (2019) (MCQ). Statistical data analysis was done using the repeated measurement variance analysis method. The findings showed that the treatment focused on compassion was significant in conflict resolution strategies (p = 0.001) and the difficulty of emotional regulation (p = 0.001) of couples with marital conflict and the results indicated the durability of the treatment in the follow-up period (p=0.001). Based on the results of the research, it can be said that the group treatment focused on compassion is a suitable intervention method for promoting conflict resolution strategies and reducing the difficulty of emotional regulation of couples with marital conflict.

The purpose of this research was to determine the effectiveness of emotion-oriented couple therapy on positive feelings towards the spouse and intolerance of indecision in infertile couples. This research was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group with a two-month follow-up period. The statistical population included all infertile couples applying for divorce who had been referred to psychological clinics and specialized marriage centers (under the welfare organization) in Tehran to use psychological services in the second half of 2023. The statistical sample included 24 couples who were selected purposefully. Then, 12 couples were randomly replaced in the control group and 12 in the experimental group. The intervention group received emotion-oriented couple therapy during 10 sessions of 90 minutes once a week. The data were collected using Ellery et al.'s Spouse Positive Feeling Scale (PEQ, 1983) and Friston et al.'s Uncertainty Intolerance Questionnaire (IUS, 1994) and analyzed by variance analysis with repeated measurements. The results showed that there is a difference between the pre-test and post-test stages (d=-7.91, p < 0.05), and the follow-up pre-test (p < 0.05, -5.74) = d) is significant. Also, in the uncertainty intolerance variable, the difference between the pre-test and post-test stage (p<0.05, d=-8.01) and pre-test and follow-up (p<0.05, d=-12.4) is meaningful. It is concluded that emotion-oriented couple therapy is effective in positive feelings and intolerance of uncertainty in infertile couples seeking divorce.