Journal of Translational Research in Urology
Volume:5 Issue: 4, Autumn 2023

The growing demand for organ transplants has led to a shortage of available organs. This shortage has contributed to crises such as illegal organ trafficking and transplant tourism. However, recent progress in xenotransplantation may help alleviate this shortage. With current successes transplanting pig organs into non-human primate models and deceased patients, companies are spending a great deal of money on establishing pathogen-free pig facilities and gaining FDA approval to move toward clinical trials. Given this progress, it is worthwhile to examine the current state of xenotransplantation and ongoing approaches to modifying porcine organs to make them safe for clinical use in humans.

In this article, we reported bladder mass arising from a reaction to silk material used to manage missed bladder hernia repair. 

 The patient was a 47-year-old man presenting with urinary symptoms. CT scan identified a 6-cm heterogeneous appearance mass on the right side of the bladder dome; initial Biopsy revealed no malignancy. The patient underwent deep transurethral resection (TUR), following which silk suture materials were removed by endourologic management. Histopathologically the tumor represented inflammatory granuloma. The patient had significant improvement and gradual resolution of the residual mass at 6-month and one-year follow-ups. 

By TUR, silk suture materials were removed and inflammatory granuloma was treated.

Testicular cancer (TC) is among the specific clinical problems of our time. Current therapy is highly effective, confirming 5-year disease-free survival in approximately 95% of ill people. TC is a prevalent type of cancer diagnosed in males between 14 and 44 ages, with an incidence of less than 1 in 9.9 cases per 100,000 men nationwide, but the total number of TC. Increase worldwide. In addition, the danger of expanding cancer in people with cancer during 15 years after diagnosis is 2%. These complicated and different conditions must be found in the clinical evidence base. Genetic, environmental, and hormonal elements are related to developing diseases and disorders in response to treatment and danger of relapse. This research discusses current topics that explain the relative contribution of the problems mentioned above to TC development. Additionally, we pay attention to environmental chemicals and heat exposure, their function in cancer development, and recent advances at the molecular level have been studied.

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a condition where the kidneys have abnormal structure or function that lasts for more than three months, can have negative health effects, and often does not show symptoms in the beginning. In that research, we tried to examine the diagnostic markers from the laboratory to find clues for a faster diagnosis of this disease.

This paper is a cross-sectional analytical study on 107 patients with CKD hospitalized in Abadan University of Medical Sciences educational hospitals from March 21, 2017, to March 19, 2020. Once the necessary permits were obtained, the laboratory information of patients was received from HIS. The data was analyzed by SPSS version 16 software. Statistical significance is considered when P-value>0.05.

Out of 107 patients with CKD in the study, 55 (51.4%) were female and 52 (48.6%) were male. The mean age of the group was 57.9±17.42 years. The means of renal diagnostic markers such as creatinine 7.42±4.55 and BUN 56.97±36.78 were higher than normal. Also, the mean coagulation markers, including PT (15.86±9.89), PTT (47.65±29.11), and INR (1.54±1.07), were higher than normal. The mean of hematological diagnostic markers, including hemoglobin and hematocrit, was lower than normal. The mean RDW-CV (16.97±4.19) and white blood cells (11.19±9.01) were higher than normal.

This study showed that renal markers (creatinine and BUN) and coagulation factors (PT, PTT, and INR) were higher than normal. In this study, it was observed that people with CKD are prone to anemia because a decrease in the mean hemoglobin and hematocrit and an increase in RDW-CV were observed.

 Various genetic alterations and gene expression changes are involved in the pathogenesis of kidney tumours. The P53, PTEN, and VEGF gene expression pattern in rat kidney tissue exposed to conventional cigarettes and e-cigs was evaluated. In the study, 60 Wistar rats were categorized into three groups (10): no smoke, c-cig smoke, and e-cig smoke. Three cigarette butts used daily with the suction device were exposed for 40 minutes. After four months, kidney tissue was removed, tissue RNA was extracted, cDNA was made, and changes in mRNA expression of genes were evaluated by real-time PCR. Moreover, kidney biopsies were assessed for histopathological changes. E-cig smoke might contribute to kidney cancer more than C-cigarette through upregulating VEGF and downregulating PTEN and P53 (P-value >0.05). The effect of e-cigarettes in female rats was more significant than in male rats. The histopathological investigation revealed decreased glomerular space in e-cig male rats, increased tubular necrosis in e-cig, Interstitial infiltration in c-cig, and Hyperemia in c-cig in female rats were reported. Since E-cigarette smoke displayed overexpressed VEGF and down-expressed PTEN and P53 expression than C-cigarette, it has a higher potential for kidney carcinogenesis.

Benign prostatic hyperplasia is a common condition in older males that causes bothersome symptoms. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the combined impact of curcumin and anticholinergic therapy in managing urinary irritation symptoms in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia following prostate surgery. This randomized clinical trial included patients with benign prostate hyperplasia who experienced irritating symptoms after prostate surgery at Imam Reza Hospital in Mashhad from 2019–2020. Participants completed the IPSS questionnaire before the operation and were then classified into two groups. One group received anticholinergic therapy, and the other group received anticholinergic therapy plus curcumin BID for one month. The IPSS was used again at the end of one month, and results were analyzed using SPSS statistical software. 80 participants were included in this research, with an average age of 63.4±13.5 years in the control group and 64.6±9.5 years in the intervention group. Before the intervention, scores for urinary frequency (P-value=0.333), urinary urgency (P-value=0.387), nocturia (P-value=0.807), and total urinary symptom score (P-value=0.061) differed between the two groups. However, after the study, the intervention group had significantly lower scores for urinary frequency, urinary urgency, and total urinary symptom score compared to the control group (P-value<0.05). No significant difference was between two groups considering nocturia (P-value=0.051). This investigation was one of the first randomized clinical trials to evaluate curcumin's effects on reducing symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia. The results indicated that curcumin positively impacted decreasing these symptoms, although changes in nocturia were not significant.

The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the prognostic value of androgen receptor expression in bladder tumors.

This study was conducted in the urology department of Imam Reza Hospital on male patients with bladder tumors between 2021 and 2023. In the patients included in the study, during the TURBT procedure, one sample of the tumor and one sample of the apparently healthy mucous membrane of the patient were sent to the pathology laboratory for examination of the expression of the androgen receptor. Then, all patient information, including demographic information (such as age), possible risk factors (such as smoking), tumor grade, tumor stage, and bladder tumor type, was recorded. Finally, the results were analyzed in SPSS software.

A total of 47 male patients were included in the study, whose average age was 66.19±12.63 years. All patients included in the study had TCC. In the grading, 35 patients (74.5%) were in high grade, and 12 other patients (25.5%) were in low grade. The average level of androgen receptor expression in healthy tissue and tumoral tissue was 17.34±24.02 and 18.72±28.35, respectively. The amount of androgen receptors in healthy tissue was higher than in tumoral tissue, although this difference was not statistically significant (P-value=0.971). There was a weak inverse correlation between AST and androgen receptor, between ALT and androgen receptor, and between ALP and androgen receptor, but these were not statistically significant (P-value>0.05).

The expression level of androgen receptors in healthy tissues was slightly higher than in tumoral tissue, but the difference between the two groups was not statistically significant. Considering that the results of studies conducted in this regard are not consistent with each other, there is a need to conduct more studies to clarify the relationship between androgen receptors and bladder tumors.

Mammary tumors are a common cancer in human but little is known about their histopathological characteristics and effects on other organs. Understanding tumor effects on testicular tissue has implications for developing mouse models of human breast cancer.

 Nude mice were divided into two groups, with 5 mice implanted with mammary tumor cells (experimental group) and 5 mice serving as controls. After tumor growth, histopathological analysis of the tumors and testes was performed using hematoxylin and eosin staining. Several features were qualitatively scored in tumor and testis sections including mitosis, necrosis, angiogenesis, inflammation, hyperemia, and atrophy.

 Tumors from experimental mice showed significantly higher mitotic rate, necrosis, angiogenesis, inflammation, and atrophy compared to controls. Multiple differences were observed in testis pathology compared to a control group. Experimental tumors displayed more aggressive qualities.

This study demonstrates that mammary tumors generated in nude mice exhibit elevated pathological characteristics tied to aggressiveness, including proliferation and cell death, compared to control mice. Notably, tumor growth affected testis histology including atrophy and hyperemia. These results provide insights into using this mouse model of breast cancer and establish a baseline for pathological features of experimental mammary tumors versus healthy tissues.