فصلنامه رفاه اجتماعی
پیاپی 90 (پاییز 1402)

"Dowrehs" were informal groups within the Second Pahlavi regime that were formed from the acquaintance of individuals with various social positions, but all of which were created through social capital and with the aim of earning rent and corruption; in this article, we focus on this question that did the "Dowrehs" in the second Pahlavi government have this capability to lay the groundwork for systematic corruption through bonding social capital and lack of linking and bridging social capital?

The approach of the descriptive-analytical article and research method is qualitative and based on document analysis during the second Pahlavi regime and the combined model of this research is inspired by Huberts's ecological approach to corruption.

Our findings indicate that in the second Pahlavi regime, social capital in any form has an effective relationship with corruption through the Dowreh, but the nature of this relationship is depending on the type of social capital; therefore, it should be said that the "absence" of linking and bridging social capital and the "existence" of bonding social capital linked to corruption with a direct relationship.

The existence of the Dowrehs signaled that there was no other way to advance everyday affairs without the use of bonding social capital, and that this made the circle of loyalty of individuals to their acquaintances larger than the circle of their loyalty to the national community; thus institutional roles had become a means of complying with non-institutional demands that leading to systematic corruption. The general solutions to prevent this situation are to increase the radius of trust and to create structures and norms for creating positive social capital.

Suicide is a global public health concern. Identifying factors related to suicide can improve risk classification and help targeted interventions for high-risk groups. In fact, effective suicide prevention requires a comprehensive understanding of risk factors. In this study, in addition to economic and social factors affecting suicide, the amount of risk and economic instability is also considered.

In order to determine the index of risk and instability at the macroeconomic level, an index of the average variance of the three variables of inflation rate, economic growth rate and the percentage of exchange rate changes in the parallel currency market has been made. Then, with the aim of providing economic and social strategies to prevent suicide, the impact of each macroeconomic and social factor on suicide has been estimated using the ordinary least squares regression method during the period of 2001 to 2020.

The estimation results show that the general level variables of prices, divorce, crime rate, income inequality in society as well as economic instability have a positive effect on suicide, and employment variables and the age ratio of the 50 to 69-year-old population to the rest of the country's population have a negative effect on suicide.

Despite the influence of macro-economic and social factors on the suicide rate in Iran, it is worth considering the significant impact of the inequality of income distribution in the society on the suicide rate. Considering this significant effect on the suicide rate, reducing inequality is actually an economic solution that the country's politicians can implement.

Iran is one of the countries that have suffered the most casualties from earthquakes. Some of the consequences and social issues caused by earthquakes will appear in those areas even in the following decades. One of these consequences is the tendency to use substances and various factors are related to it. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the relationship between social support and the tendency to use substance among earthquake victims in Kermanshah province.

This correlational study was conducted in 2021 on 450 people living in Sarpol-e Zahab who were living in this city during the 2017 earthquake. Sampling was done by cluster random method. In this study, a checklist of demographic characteristics and two valid and reliable questionnaires including social support and attitudes toward substance use (drug abuse) were used. Data were analyzed using SPSS and AMOS Graphics software.

Most of the participants in this study were male (58.2%), single (57.1%), and employed (more than 60%). The average score of the participants' total social support was 4.09, and it was evaluated at a very good level. In addition, the average tendency to substance use was equal to 3.15 and was evaluated at a moderate level. There was a significant negative relationship between social support and the tendency to use substance.

Due to the significant relationship between social support and the tendency to drug abuse and due to the seismicity of Iran, the relevant authorities should take appropriate measures to improve social protection that can reduce the tendency to substance use among earthquake victims to plan and policy.

One of the controversial phenomena in today's society is the issue of social resilience and its impact on social trust of citizens in urban areas. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between social resilience components and social trust components in Abkooh neighborhood of Mashhad.

In terms of data collection method, the present study is a field research and in terms of data collection is a survey. The statistical population in Abkooh neighborhood of Mashhad with a population of 5271 people was considered and the sample size was estimated to be 357 people through Cochran's formula. The sampling method was random and simple. For data analysis, confirmatory factor analysis method models and SPSS software were used.

Among the studied variables, the most effective social productivity in increasing citizens 'social trust was related to citizens' sense of security and the least effective was customs. And with increasing social trust, social resilience also increases. As a result, there is a significant and opposite relationship between social resilience and social trust.

According to the findings, paying attention to citizens 'sense of security, adaptability, presence, sense of place and social interaction, employment status and health services, social participation can have a positive and decisive impact on citizens' social trust and social resilience in Abkoohshahr neighborhood. Mashhad.

Lifestyle is a mixture of individual patterns and behaviors through life, which forms the culture of a society, which is a category of precise patterns for life. The key reason for the child abuse phenomenon is the way of life and culture that has been incorrectly and erroneously established among people from the commencement and necessitates cultural and social interventions as well as legal interventions.

To examine the relationship between child abuse (physical, sexual, negligence and inattention, malnutrition, emotional) and health-based lifestyle (physical activities, nutrition, addiction, spiritual health, social and psychological health, etc.) in 2021, field research (survey) was done on a sample of 97 parents with children aged 4-18 in Shahrekord city, whose children had been subjected to numerous instances of child abuse (reference organization: Welfare and Forensic Medicine Organization). The subjects' information was attained by completing the standard LSQ and child abuse questionnaires of Mohammad Khani (1998). The research hypotheses were tested via correlation and regression statistical tests.

The achieved results disclosed a negative and significant correlation between the parents' lifestyle variable and child abuse (beta coefficient = -0.704). The observed results of the regression analysis revealed that diverse lifestyle indicators are suitable predictors for all types of child abuse cases. With the upsurge of more suitable lifestyles, the amount of child abuse decreases significantly. In the present study, social health, addiction, and psychological health were higher predictors to clarify the instances of child abuse, and their role was clearly recognized in the current research (p<0.01).

The results of this research revealed the significance of lifestyle and culture in the incidence of child abuse. The analysis disclosed that by establishing social and psychological health indicators and decreasing addiction, it is probable to reduce the occurrence of child abuse and the crimes caused by it.

Today, with the expansion of metropolises and the complexity of life, the problems of life are increasing day by day. Problems that require skill and ability to face. The purpose of this research was to compile and validate a skills training package for marginalized  women.

The training package was designed based on cognitive-behavioral theory. The design of the package consisted of 5 stages of interviewing experts in the field and using nomial group method to identify the priority life skills needs, reviewing the literature, holding a brainstorming session and preparing the initial draft, determining the validity and modifying the initial draft of the package. The content validity of the package was measured using the expert opinion and was measured by the content validity index and the relative coefficient of content validity.

The results showed that the designed educational package has a high validity level. Also, the relative content validity coefficient of the package was equal to 0.714.

The educational package is suitable for training in the three skills of self-awareness, effective communication, and emotion regulation in order to provide a platform for entering and using these skills in the real life of  women living in marginalized areas.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the type of attitude and behavior of married women who have extramarital relationships from the perspective of rational choice theory.

The research method was a survey and the data collection tool was a questionnaire. The validity of the research tool was confirmed through content validity, and its reliability was confirmed through Cronbach's alpha. The research population consisted of 87 married women from Behshahr, Babol and Babolsar cities in 1400 who had extramarital relationships. The theoretical framework of the research, the rational choice theory and the independent variables of the research, were derived from this theory. The non-random sampling method was snowballing type. The type of attitude towards extramarital relationships was investigated in three cognitive, emotional and behavioral dimensions.

The results of the research showed that 35.6 percent of the respondents have an average attitude, 33.3 percent have a positive attitude, and 31 percent have a negative attitude towards extramarital relationships. Also, among the variables of the theory of rational choice, the variables of pleasure-excitement and utilitarian need had a significant relationship.  The independent variables of the research were able to explain 72.6% of the changes in the dependent variable of extramarital behavior and 50.3% of the changes in the dependent variable of attitude towards extramarital relationships.

The meaningfulness of the pleasure-excitement variable means that by increasing the motivation of pleasure and excitement, curiosity, freedom and adventure in new relationships, the positive attitude of married women towards extramarital relationships increases and the commission of extramarital behavior increases. Also, the significance of the utilitarian need variable means that if the costs of extramarital relations are less than its benefits and the costs are long-term and ineffective, the probability of committing it increases. Examining and explaining the attitude towards extramarital relationships and extramarital behavior based on the choice theory is one of the innovations of this research.

Addiction is one of the issues that can affect different aspects of a person's life and those around them. The addiction of this scourge of women, even when it is treated, the probability of its recurrence is very high. In many studies, although attention has been paid to the phenomenon of addiction and the factors affecting it; But less attention has been paid to the causes and factors affecting its recurrence. Based on what was said, the purpose of the current research was to present a causal model of married addicts' relapse based on personality and permanent employment with the role of mediator of marital satisfaction.

The research method was a description of the type of correlation and the statistical population included all recovered addicts who are members of the human rehabilitation population of the 60th Congress of Shahrekord. The statistical sample was 250 people from this group, who were selected on the basis of their availability, and used questionnaires of Neo's personality traits (McCree and Costa, 1992), Enridge's marital satisfaction (Foures and Elson, 1989) and the prediction of relapse to drug use (Wright and et al., 1993) responded.

The findings showed that the direct effect of neuroticism, extroversion, openness to experience and agreeableness on addiction relapse of addicts is positive and significant, and responsibility has a negative and significant effect on addiction relapse. The direct effect of job status on relapse of addiction is negative and significant. The direct effect of marital satisfaction on addiction relapse is negative and significant. The indirect effect of personality characteristics and job status on the relapse of addicts is significant. The causal model of addiction relapse of married addicts based on personality and permanent employment with the mediator role of marital satisfaction had a good fit. The results show the effect of personality, marital satisfaction and job status on addiction relapse.

According to the findings of the research, it can be said that in order to prevent the return of addiction, the differences of people in terms of personality should be considered. Because having personality problems and not intervening in this case can make a big contribution to the relapse of addiction. Another important factor that can be effective in the relapse of addiction is marital satisfaction. Counselors and therapists should deal with the factors affecting marital satisfaction and its increase in addition to addiction treatment, because according to the results of the present research, the probability of relapse of addiction increases with the decrease of marital satisfaction. However, having a permanent job is one of the components that indirectly It is effective both on addiction relapse and marital satisfaction. Therefore, in order to reduce the return of addiction, governments and society must first of all provide the occupation of the person and his job security

Theorists argue that disability is a form of social oppression and exclusion, and disabled people experience considerable inequality in all dimensions of social life. Education, health, employment, housing and transportation are among these inequalities. Although disabled people are very interested in tourism activities, they do not travel much because of the unpleasant negative experiences they have during vacations and trips. The conditions for the travel of disabled people should be provided. Such as infrastructural facilities, accommodation and transportation. Social conditions such as family companionship, job, income, and physical and medical conditions of disabled people also affect the motivation and desire to travel. The suitability of the place of residence, transportation facilities, access and services at the destination should also be compatible with the needs of the disabled. The status of social exclusion of disabled people and how it is distributed among them is one of the important issues of social studies of disability and social justice. In this descriptive-analytical research, the effects of social exclusion dimensions on the tendency of disabled people to travel were investigated.

This review was done with a quantitative method using documental studies and survey. The statistical population includes 2103 disabled people of Babolsar city, and using Cochran's formula, 325 people were selected as a statistical sample by random sampling method. A questionnaire was used to collect data. Content validity was used to check the validity of the questionnaire. In order to check the validity of the content, necessary consultations were conducted with professors in the field of tourism, and according to them, the proposed problems were corrected, and in the re-survey, it was ensured that the questionnaire has the necessary validity. To measure reliability, a sample of 30 people completed the questionnaire. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to measure reliability, which was equal to 0.75. The operational definition of the components of social exclusion has been modeled on the studies conducted by Sebaktin Rizi and Mouszadeh (2016) and Khodakarmian Gilan and others (2019). The reliability of this scale was more than 0.80 in the study of Sobaktekin Rizi and Mouszadeh and 0.79 in the study of Khodakarmian Gilan and others (2019). These two studies have used the verified scale of Hoff and Vrooman (2011), which includes 24 items and has been operationalized in the form of four dimensions of social participation, normative integrity, access to social rights, and material deprivation. In this study, these four components of travel and tourism related documents have been used. The reliability value of self-efficacy was determined using Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.83. The analysis was done in the form of descriptive and inferential statistics and with SPSS software.

The average tendency to travel is 2.97 of 5, which indicates the low level of tendency of disabled people to travel. The average feeling of self-efficacy, social participation and normative integrity is also at the average level. According to the average, the feeling of material deprivation (4.07 of 5) of disabled people is at a high level, and on the other hand, the average access to social rights (2.03 of 5) shows the low access of disabled people to social rights. The findings indicate that the tendency of disabled people to travel, feeling of material deprivation and access to social rights are at a lower-than-average level, and social participation, normative integration and sense of self-efficacy are at an average level. Social participation and feeling of self-efficacy had a positive effect on the tendency of disabled people to travel. In other words, by increasing social participation and improving the sense of self-efficacy, disabled people tend to travel more. On the other hand, normative integrity, feeling of material deprivation and access to social rights did not affect the tendency to travel. Bivariate analyzes also indicated that there is no significant difference in the tendency of disabled people to travel according to gender, marital status, age, education, type of disability.

Self-efficacy has the greatest relationship with intention, so that if a person believes that she/he can successfully perform an adaptive behavior, there is a high probability that she/he will take action. According to this opinion, the belief of disabled people that they can go on a trip and enjoy the trip increases their intention to go on a trip and use related services. But if they overestimate the costs of such work. Such as understanding the negative attitude of the society, the feeling of shame, the feeling of helplessness, the financial expenses and the lack of proper facilities, the sense of self-efficacy and effectiveness decreases in them. They become isolated because they think that being alone and distancing themselves from others can protect them from the social stigma of disability.To remove attitudinal barriers and participation, it is necessary to increase public awareness in social and support institutions and recognize the right of disabled people to establish social relations and participate in the public domain. Also, it is necessary not to consider only the problem of the physically disabled and medical and rehabilitation approaches should be aligned with social and cultural approaches. Therefore, first of all, it is necessary to ensure the required foundations in the form of psychological, human and structural conditions, and take necessary measures to improve the conditions.This study provides a more distinct picture of the dimensions of social exclusion of the disabled and its effect on the tendency to travel and tourism. Disabled people are not very familiar with their social rights and are only supported by their families.Since tourism can be effective in strengthening mental health and their return to the society, providing the ground for people's organizations of the disabled and providing the ground for the tourism of the disabled as one of the new tourism markets should be given more attention.

Employment and human resource activity is one of the important topics of economic geography and one of the important challenges of policymakers. In addition to young people, the problem of unemployment also includes disabled people looking for work. In this regard, a research was developed with the aim of investigating the employment of people with disabilities according to the local advantages of Ardabil province.

This research is applied and descriptive-analytical. The statistical population was 25,378 disabled people working and unemployed in Ardabil province. Based on Cochran's formula, 380 people were determined as a statistical sample. 83 research questions were proposed by the authors and then randomly assigned to the statistical sample. And finally, it was analyzed using spss software.

Among the factors affecting the employment of the disabled, individual, government, occupational and general factors had the greatest impact, respectively. The analysis of the relative advantages of Ardabil province showed that Ardabil province has a higher relative advantage in terms of agriculture, trade relations with Azerbaijan, and tourism, but factors such as lack of comprehensive information and marketing system, weak tourism and commercial infrastructure, weak communication networks, Poor irrigation efficiency, lack of conversion and processing of agricultural products have caused poor employment in this province.

In all the cities of Ardabil province, there is a huge difference between the number of unemployed and the number of employed. The average age of disabled people in 80% of the cities was between 30 and 35 years. This is despite the fact that nearly 91.55% of disabled people in the province had low education and sometimes no education, and only 6.65% of the total disabled people in the province were employed., and thus the need for a basic action for practical training to activate and empower this group is tangible based on the relative advantages of Ardabil province, and more detailed programs should be developed.