نشریه آینه پژوهش
سال سی و چهارم شماره 2 (پیاپی 200، خرداد و تیر 1402)

One of the important characteristics of Sheikh Abbās Qumī was his love of books, and this characteristic was manifested in various ways throughout his life, and it was always his concern when he traveled and was at home. In this article, a report is presented on various aspects of his love of books: calligraphy, writing required books in his own handwriting, completing incomplete copies, confronting and editing manuscripts, binding books, and lending and borrowing books were some of his hobbies in this regard.
One of the constant concerns of Sheikh Abbas Qumī was to buy books. He bought the books he needed in spite of extreme poverty and great difficulties. The number of books of Muḥaddith Qumī was not constant during his lifetime. On the one hand, books were constantly added to his library by buying and donating, and on the other hand, due to reasons such as selling due to financial need, donating to others, and natural events, they were reduced. In addition, his books were kept in the three cities of Qom, Mashhad, and Najaf, which made it difficult for him to access some of them.
After the death of Sheikh Abbas, most of his books were divided between the three libraries of Ayatollah Mar'ashī in Qom, National Library of Iran and Āstān Quds Razavī Library. In the last part of the article, this point is mentioned with a detailed review and report of the most important manuscripts of his library.

One of the printed sources that has not been paid attention to in spite of its profound social, political, economic, cultural, ... effects throughout history is the printed single sheets. In this article, while introducing this type of printed source, the author deals with the reasons for the lack of attention to them and the negative consequences of this ignorance. Also, the classification of this kind of printing and its distinction from the point of view of printing techniques are explained. It also introduces the first printed single sheets identified in Iran's Incunabula.

In an anecdote from the second chapter of Sa’dī's Būstān, there is a word that is recorded as "Bigah" in the most reliable corrections, and most commentators of Būstān have suggested the meaning of "in time" for it. In this article, the author explains the inaccuracy of that suggested meaning by referring to Shams Qais Rāzī's words and evidence from Old Persian verse and prose texts and proposes two new meanings for that word, one of which is based on the change of "Bigah" recording.

The present article is a Persian translation of a part of the book Murūj al-Ẓahab by Abul Ḥasan Mas'ūdī (345 or 346 AH), in which the gathering of thirteen literates and scholars in the assembly of Yaḥyā bin Khalid Barmakī, the vizier  of Hārūn, the Abbasid caliph, and their conversation about love is reported.  Before translating the text, in the introduction, each of the people whose names are mentioned in the text have been introduced and an attempt has been made to briefly outline the historical background of the talks in assembly and examine its historical validity.

The topic of this issue of "Notes on Shahnameh" is a discussion about the two words "Dīnāvar" and "Khīshkār". The commentators of the Shahnameh, as far as the author of this essay knows, have not discussed precisely the meaning and recording of these two words, and if some have mentioned them correctly, their opinions have been lost in the incorrect words of others. Dīnāvar is a variant of the word Dīnvar, and  Khīshkār is the same familiar word in Pahlavi books and treatises, meaning "dutiful" and "honest man", and contrary to what some say, it has no relationship with the persian word "Khīsh", the plow a famous agricultural tool, of course. An attempt has been made to substantiate these two points with the evidence of Persian and Pahlavi writings.

In this article, as the 34th issue of the series of articles titled "Reading Manuscripts" the author has examined the text of some manuscripts as follows: 
 
A war over quarantine 190 years ago
The news of Seyyed Ni'matullah Jazāirī about the widespread plague of 1102 AH and its decrees
The ruler of Khabushan and the claim of restoration of Sarbidaran government in 967
Asceticism and piety of the Chief of Astan Quds Razavi during the Tahmasb Kingdom
When Shah Tahmasab referred to Timurid history
News of a plague
The destruction of the royal palace on nobles and scholars on the day of Eid al-Adha 1105
Invitation to the mourning ceremony held in Jumadi al-Awalā, instead of Muharram in the house of Wuthūq al-Dawlah
Request from Seyyed Mohammad Kāzem Yazdi about reading the news of Hazrat Qasim's wedding
Mirmadad and comparing himself with Khwaja Nasir

In the series of essays titled "Writings", the main focus will be on the language and lexical issues of New Persian in the early centuries after Islam and the writings of that era. In the first issue, (1) a new reading of one of the first Persian poems after Islam, by Abul al-Yanbaghī, is presented; (2) a translation of a word of the Qur'an has been introduced in a Syriac translation of parts of the Qur'an, which is probably from the first or second century of Hijri; (3) the less common variant of the word "Khursand" as "Khunsand" has been discussed. And in the final part, (4) a flawed part of the book of Yawāqīt-ul-‘Ulūm has been corrected and a new manuscript of it has also been introduced.

The works of early Muslim scholars are considered as a precious heritage that should be made available to scholars in correct and accurate editions. However, many of the editions of such works that have been printed so far lack the common features and standards of critical editions. Therefore, numerous of these works have been published in undesirable and unreliable editions, and are sometimes replete with errors. These uncritical editions are not valid and reliable, and consulting them in research will culminate in unfortunate consequences. In this article, having referred to the main principles and general standards of a critical edition, a new edition of Urmawī’s Sharḥ al-Ishārāt wa al-Tanbīhāt (d: 682 A.H.) is introduced and reviewed. This review shows that Sheikh Ammār al-Tamīmī’s edition of Urmawī’s work is an unreliable and uncritical edition and that the work needs to be edited and published again.

The issue of fake poems in the famous poets' Divans is one of the constant problems in the history of Persian poetry. It can almost be said that there is no Divan that is void of added poems. One of the main reasons for this in emended texts is the use of dubious manuscripts and unreliable sources. In this way, the editor, while proofreading, comes across manuscripts that have suspicious poems and without making a detailed assessment of this issue, he adds them into the text. In the present article, we have investigated the added fake quatrains in several editions of the Khāqānī's Divan and identified 22 quatrains of Asīr Shahristānī in these editions. The origin of this mixing is the version published by Nawal Kishore Press, published in Lucknow in 1295 AD.

Different branches of ethics often start from the point that man has the possibility to choose and can take right or wrong behavior, so he is a "free agent". He can also make an ethical decision based on reason and rational "reflection" by examining various information and analyzing data. More importantly, by acquiring certain characteristics and cultivating a special character and virtue in ourselves, we can more or less maintain it throughout our life. These are some of the principles of ethics. But some findings and psychological experiments challenge all these beliefs and cause doubting their validity.
Moral Psychology is a new and fresh branch that reports and analyzes these findings and seeks to show their effectiveness and validity. In Moral Psychology, various issues such as the role of desire or belief in decision-making, the psychological reality of Egoism and Altruism, and the place of reason and rationality in moral decision-making are investigated.
The collection of elements or constructs of ethics published by the University of Cambridge is compact and well-read writings that explore different areas of ethics. One of these works is Moral Psychology written by Christian B. Miller, which was recently published (2021) and presents the main issues of this field in clear and simple language. In the following article, I have tried to give a comprehensive report of this book and finally make a short comparison with another work in this field by Valerie Tiberius.