نشریه مطالعات تاریخ آذربایجان و ترک
پیاپی 1 (پاییز 1402)

After cave dwelling, human life fluctuated between the two poles of movement and permanence, thereby, early human communities were formed in the villages. With the spread of trade, human relations increased, cities developed, and the city became a symbol of political and socio-economic transformation. In Azerbaijan, the footprints of early humans have been seen in various caves such as Tam Tamai Urmia and Azikh Fuzuli. Due to the favorable climate, the first human habitats were formed ten thousand years ago in the cities of Azerbaijan in the hills known as Kul Teppe around Lake Urmia. In these hilly towns, the basic needs of early humans such as obsidian vessels and weapons have been discovered. In the second millennium BC, with the increase in wealth, walls were formed around the residential areas of Azerbaijan. From the beginning of the 9th century BC, with the help of Assyrian and then Urartian sources, we have useful information about the settlement of Azerbaijani people in fortress-cities. Assyrian pictures of midian fortresses show that these fortresses were surrounded by strong stone walls, like the architecture of the Urart period, and were strong buildings on top of natural heights or sometimes on embankments and artificial hills. Along the fence, towers were installed at regular intervals, and the top of the towers and the fence were curved for archery. In the following centuries, due to the lack of information, we have no information about the cities of Azerbaijan. In the Azerbaijan region, apart from some assumptions, there is no definite evidence about the so-called Achaemenid period. With the attacks of the Greeks, the word "Azerbaijan" was gradually formed with more or less the historical limits of today, and by relying on Greco-Roman sources, useful information about the capital and major cities of Azerbaijan is available. With the support of Western Hellenism in Azerbaijan, more and more communication routes are formed and the ground for international trade is created in Azerbaijan. In the following centuries, known as the Parthian and Sasanian eras, the information about the cities of Azerbaijan was more or less the same as mentioned in Greek-Roman sources. What was the nature and location of the cities and transportation routes of Azerbaijan during the ancient history? It is a question that will be answered in a descriptive-analytical way in this research.

According to Iranian Persian nationalists, the Turkish dynasties in the history of Iran during the Islamic era did not have a positive and defensible track record, and their rule did not bring any other results to Iran except the continuation of oppression, violence, looting, and slowing down progress in various fields. According to this group, if there were positive events in the Islamic era, these events originated from two sources. The first origin was the Iranian and Persian dynasties of the Islamic era, which had a civilizing and culture-enhancing nature and formed a government based on an experienced and noble school and philosophy of governance. The second source of the positive events of the Islamic era were the Persian and Iranian ministers, who, with the help of their genius and art of chronology, while opening the way to the Turkish court and taking control of the politics in these matters, made the uncultured and unruly Turkish kings serve artistic, civilizing purposes.Accordingly, contemporary Persian nationalists and anti-Turkists in Iran, based on a rule trusted and practiced among all the followers of this school, in their historical analysis, attribute all positive events invarious subjects to Iranian dynasties and ministers who have infiltrated the organization. On the other hand, they attribute a series of intellectual and practical vices to Turkish kings and dynasties. Ali Akbar Saeedi Sirjani, as a member of this school, paid full attention to this part of the principles set for analyzing the events of Iranian history and used the Turkish dynasties of the Islamic era, including the Ghaznavids, the Seljuks, the Khwarizmshahs, the Safavids, and the Qajar, as the target of their attacks and fault finding. And draws a regressive, anti-culture, uncivilized figure, deprived of the philosophy of the government and the dynamic thought of the Turkish dynasties, and introduces the Turkish generals as the cause of stopping freedom andthe Atmosphere of science and thought and oppressing votes in Iran. And next to that, he attacks some Iranian figures who are cooperating with the Turkish dynasties.

Undoubtedly, the constitutional revolution and the libertarian movements of that period are one of the most turbulent periods and at the same time one of the blind spots of our contemporary history, especially the successive failures of the Azerbaijani Turks in the constitutional movement, street movements, and industrialization, followed by the intervention of the Russian and British colonial powers, the fall of the Qajar Turkic government as well as the establishment of the Shoubiye Pahlavi government raised this question in the mind of every Turkish person in Iran and Azerbaijan: what were the causes of this heavy loss and where did the Turks falter?It can be said with certainty that the tension caused by this in the years of (1978-1979) broke the mentality of the Turks of Azerbaijan, and their widespread and lightning-fast participation played a decisive role in the quick victory of the Islamic Revolution And did not give a chance for Shoubiye and their colonial supporters to wander the revolution in the twisting paths of politics and diplomacy. The historical movement of the Turks of Azerbaijan and Iran was actually a strong reaction based on the national and historical character, which was against the atrocities and genocides inflicted on the Turkish nation by Shoubiye and with the direct support and intervention of the Russian and British states from 1917 -1919. The events of 1945, which took place during the Pahlavi period, at the same time, were a sign of the initial awakening of the dormant national consciousness and vision of the Turkish nation of Azerbaijan in order to organically cut off the cultural, political and military relationship between Shoubiye and the colonialists, a relationship that despite the wishes of the Aryanists, it has not been possible to restore the relationship after half a century, mainly due to the consideration of the national-Islamic forces of Azerbaijan.. This article takes a look at the opinions of different groups for and against the constitutional movement and similar events during the Pahlavi era and tries to provide a new evaluation in the analysis of these events and their causes.

 The national government of Azerbaijan and the sweet and bitter events of Azerbaijan in the years 1945-1946 are considered to be one of the most controversial and important events in the contemporary history of Iran, which despite the emergence of written works and relative researches conducted about that event, It is one of the neglected subjects of the history of Azerbaijan. However, some of those in charge of that event have taken measures to recount the memories of that time. One of these people was Mr Rasouli, Minister of Economy of the National Government of Azerbaijan. He was one of the most famous ministers of the Pishevari cabinet, who was finally pardoned by Mohammad Reza Shah despite being sentenced to five years in prison with work in the Pahlavi military court due to his honest services and activities.After the fall of the national government of Azerbaijan, he was on the run for about two years and lived a secret life; He started writing his memoirs and sometimes because of the fear of the imperial regime, which had a strange enmity with the people and the national government of Azerbaijan and in a brutal attack on Azerbaijan, according to a story, killed twenty-five thousand people and made thousands of people homeless. He refrains from expressing many of his valuable services in the post of the Ministry of Economy, and in some places, fearing that his notes will fall into the hands of unauthorized persons and create evidence against him, he pours purification water on the actions of the Pahlavi government, in order to prevent the case and the creation of documents against him. This article mentions the bloody events of that era Be made based on the memories of the late Rasouli.

Historical geography is a science that deals with the cities and towns of a country or a region as well as a province which were once under the jurisdiction or administrative authority of a province and country or separated from their former center over time and have become a new center. In this way, books with titles of historical geography, such as Iran, Khorasan, Isfahan, etc., have been written.In the topic of historical geography of Azerbaijan, in addition to the lands under the title of “East and West Azerbaijan Provinces and the Republic of Azerbaijan”, provinces and cities that are not under the administrative jurisdiction of Azerbaijan today but were previously considered as annexes (additions) of Azerbaijan, are discussed. In this article, an effort has been made to briefly and usefully address the cities that were once under the citizenship of Azerbaijan, in order to find out that Azerbaijan, like Khorasan, was referred to vast lands, which in its historical process has been reduced to less than half of its former and real extent.

Before the arrival of Islam in the Azerbaijan region, the population of North Azerbaijan was mainly Christian. Creation of the Albanian alphabet, improvement of the Albanian line, establishment of schools, translation of religious literature from Syriac and Greek to Albanian, the privilege of the Albanian rulers to Christian churches and clergy played a major role in the spread and establishment of Christianity. Albanians followed the Byzantines against the Sasanians. With the arrival of Islam, due to the fact that the Albanians did not become subjects of the caliphanians did not become subjects of the caliph, the policies that were the continuation of the Sassanid policy make the situation more complicated. Meanwhile, after the introduction of Islam, most of the Albanians became Muslims and remained in their Azerbaijani and Turkish identity, as they are mentioned in the findings under the name (children of Aghvan). On the other hand, most of the Albanians who did not convert to Islam eventually became assimilated, or Armenians, or Georgians, and in the continuation of this assimilation, in 1911-1910, the works and documents belonging to the Albanians, which were in the hands of the Russians, were destroyed in order to identify the Armenians. According to some sources, Babak Khorrami was of Albanian origin and his followers sought refuge in Byzantium after Babak. During the Safavid period, Shah Ismail supported the Armenians against the Albanians, especially against the Albanians who were present in the Qara Dagh region, which shows the presence of the Albanians in the Qara Dagh region. Al-Magdisi, a famous geographer, also noted that there are Albanians around the Araz river.

Art and literature have always been applied as a favorite way of conveying human experiences through centuries to next generations. However, sometimes they have been not used as art for art’s sake. Utilitarian literature and art have usually been abused to misrepresent facts and real human history. World War I was a catastrophic disaster for the whole world, especially for the Muslim people living in the Ottoman empire territory and neighboring regions. Since then the separated small countries have been suffering periodical catastrophes afterword. Literature and art, consequently, were affected by them. According to the attitude of the literary figures and artists toward those historical experiences and human sufferings, their productions have tried to be effective on the world’s attitude toward those events. Ararat is one of them. It is an Armenian movie that was produced in Canada and won 2003’s Canadian Film Festival first prize. The main character of this movie is an Armenian young boy who travels to the city of Van in Türkiye and remember his nation’s past experiences during World War I in the city, according to the producers’ point of view. The main episodes are the flashbacks to the war between Armenian people and Turkic troops in Van through which war crimes are depicted to arouse the audience’s hatred toward Turks in the world. The film producers have inefficiently tried to produce a show through which make the world believe that there has been a genocide by Turkic troops against Armenian people living in the region during World War I. While western world is trying to condemn all hate speeches toward other races, ethnicities and nations around the world, the production of such a film in a country which obviously declares herself as one the most democratic countries in the world does not seem so appropriate to their democratic slogans. Through this essay the researcher will try to analyze it and depict some facts that the producers have tried to misrepresent. Because it is a movie that has dealt with the relationship between the Ottoman Empire and the Armenians living in the territory before World War I.

In this research, we are trying to reject Kasravi's claim that Sheikh Safi's poems are Azeri based on the Selseletolnasab manuscript. Then we try to show how the importance of the old dialect of Gilan was found by Sheikh Safi and Turkish Sufis of Azerbaijan, considering the importance of Sheikh Zahid Gilani. Investigations show that all investigations conducted in these couplets were conducted by Kasravi and his associates with the assumption that Azerbaijan is not a Turk..