نشریه مطالعات ساختار و کارکرد شهری
پیاپی 37 (زمستان 1402)

The existence of various facilities and infrastructures in the cities has caused many villagers to leave their places of residence and migrate to cities. This is while the high price of land and housing forces the newly arrived immigrants to build shelters on the outskirts of the cities, away from the eyes of the authorities and without obtaining permission from the trustees, which consequently causes many problems for the authorities in the field of services as well as the marginalized people. This research is based on the meta-analysis method, which is a systematic way to achieve these goals with the statistical analysis of quantitative findings from studies related to a research problem and aims to identify and categorize research articles written in the field of marginalization in geographical scientific research journals. Therefore, after searching and identifying the articles that have directly addressed the mentioned topic in recent years, understanding their approaches and nature, to examine the structure of the articles, including methodology, indicators, sampling, data collection, and analysis methods, the present study analyzed the positive and negative aspects of the obtained results. In the framework of this method, at first, the word informal settlement and other words close to it in terms of meaning, such as shacks, marginalization, and illegal settlements, were searched in Persian libraries, centers, and academic banks, and the most relevant studies were selected for research purposes. The inclusion criteria of the studies included conducting research in Iran, publishing the study in the Persian language, and their full text. The results of the research indicate that all the articles were a type of theory testing and did not lead to theory building. Although some studies have presented very good and new models and suggestions, according to the nature of the research, they cannot be classified as fundamental and theory-building studies.

Problem statement: The rapid growth of metropolises has increased the population and the desire to use cars more. In the meantime, the metropolis of Tehran is not exempt from this problem and has been struggling with its many complications for years. The use and promotion of cycling as one of the cleanest modes of transportation has always been considered as one of the solutions. Many obstacles and factors influence the use of bicycle paths. Therefore, it is necessary to find solutions, with the help of which it is possible to get the most acceptance and satisfaction of citizens from these routes. In this regard, the upcoming research aims to investigate the factors affecting the citizens’ level of satisfaction with bicycle paths in Tehran based on the opinions and preferences of citizens who use these paths. This research is applied in terms of type and follows a mixed-method approach, combining the quantitative and qualitative research methods. At first, indicators were extracted through a review of sources. To measure the level of users’ satisfaction with the cycling paths, a number of 138 questionnaires were completed by Tehrani citizens who use these cycling routes. The factor analysis method was used to extract factors and multivariate regression to check the correlation between citizens' satisfaction with bike paths and the mentioned factors.  After 44 Varimax rotations, a total of 14 factors with a cumulative variance higher than 60% were extracted. Two of the above factors included only one index and were removed. A multivariate regression was established among the remaining 12 factors as independent variables and citizen satisfaction as dependent variables. A direct and meaningful relationship exists between citizens' satisfaction and road condition factors, visual factors, facilities and equipment, institutional factors, organizational status, social factors, traffic management and planning, and time factors. Therefore, it is suggested that managers, planners, designers, and all staff affecting urban planning pay attention to the factors influencing citizens' satisfaction with cycling routes.

Population growth has resulted in rapid changes in urban landscapes in many countries, including Iran. Monitoring urban areas can be accelerated by utilizing remote sensing images and spectral indices in urban planning. This requires evaluating the performance of indices according to the application in different conditions, which can be challenging for users. This study was conducted to compare and analyze suitable solutions for analyzing urban indicators using satellite imagery and their effectiveness. For this purpose, Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 images were first analyzed to extract spectral index; then automated threshold algorithms were applied to separate constructed areas. Results indicate that Sentinel-2 images perform better than Landsat images in general. Among the spectral indices, the UI index for Landsat and Sentinel-2 images in Rafsanjan with overall accuracy of 86.28 and 98.19, the NBI index for Landsat and Sentinel-2 images in Amol city with overall accuracy of 87.21 and 97.48, and the UI index in Landsat and IBI in Sentinel-2 for Isfahan with overall accuracy of 78.73 and 91.69 have the best performance. Furthermore, applying the manual threshold limit to weak indicators has increased accuracy in most cases. Another study used Sentinel-1 images with user-controlled thresholds to identify built-up areas, and the results for Amol, Rafsanjan, and Isfahan were 89.24, 80.03, and 76.10, respectively. The findings of this study revealed that the performance accuracy of indices can vary depending on parameters such as the type of climate, different sensors, and thresholds. Therefore, as a strategic model, the results of this analysis can provide researchers with a better understanding of indicators as a result of considering different parameters.

Attachment to a specific place shows the significance and importance of that place for citizens and has positive consequences. Belonging causes citizens to be concerned about improving the condition of their neighborhood or place of residence, which becomes the basis for the formation of neighborhood activities and citizens' participation. The purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of citizens' attachment on their participation. In this regard, in order to collect research data, 384 questionnaires were distributed and completed among the residents of the Shahidan neighborhood located in District 9 of Tehran Municipality. SPSS and Smart PLS3 software were used to analyze the obtained data. According to the findings of the research, the indexes of "Citizens' attachment to the neighborhood" and "Citizens' participation" have an average of 3.08 and 3.03 respectively, which shows the favorable status of both of these indicators in this neighborhood. Moreover, the residents of this neighborhood have a high desire to interact with their neighbors, and on the other hand, they have the lowest desire to participate in financial affairs in their neighborhood. Additionally, paying attention to the modeling results, the index of citizens' attachment to their neighborhood has succeeded in predicting 38.1% of the citizens' participation index, which means that there is a direct relationship between the attachment of the people of this neighborhood and their participation in their urban and local affairs. In other words, citizens' participation and civil participation are a function of citizens' attachment, and it is possible to increase the amount of this participation by increasing citizens' attachment to their place of residence.

The performance of small cities in connecting the residential system for ordering the urban network requires efficiency and desirability in the physical-spatial structure of these cities. Of course, due to some unbalanced urban-regional policies over time, a change in the physical structure of these cities can be seen, which has resulted in the functional inefficiency of small cities. These structural changes are different among the new small towns of Golestan province due to the physical-spatial location. This article aimed to explain and analyze the physical-spatial structure of new small towns in the urban network of Golestan province. This research is descriptive-analytical in nature and practical in terms of purpose. Data was collected by survey library method and based on questionnaires and interviews. The statistical population was city managers, citizens, and villagers, and the sample population included all 14 mayors and 28 city council members, 379 citizens, and 74 villagers. The findings of the research showed that the northern plains area had a Kendall coefficient (0.588) and Kruskal Wallis rank average (193.95) and villagers had a Kendall coefficient (0.585) and the average ranking of Kruskal Wallis (39.87). The results also revealed that the southern mountainous region had the most changes in terms of city managers with the Kendall coefficient (0.702) and the average ranking of Kruskal Wallis (24.50) in physical-spatial, while the middle plain region had a moderate trend in the changes of physical-spatial structure. It can be concluded that despite being located in the same geographical area, the three districts experienced different physical-spatial structures in the urban network arrangement, according to local and regional requirements.

Tourism destinations are looking to find new tourism methods to compete in this industry and night tourism, as one of these methods, has attracted the attention of tourists in recent years. Shiraz city, as one of the main tourism areas in the country, has much potential in this field. The current study aims to investigate the effect of the night view of Shiraz city on the prosperity of tourism in this city. This research has been carried out using a descriptive-analytical method with an emphasis on case study. A total of 335 people were randomly selected as a statistical sample and a researcher-made questionnaire, which was designed with three independent variables (tourists' satisfaction, tourists' revisits, tourists' subjective perceptions) and one dependent variable (tourism boom), was distributed among them. The data was analyzed using SPSS and Lisrel software with tests, Friedman, confirmatory factor analysis, and equation models. Results showed that the independent variables of tourist satisfaction with a factor of 0.33 and T value of 64.7, tourists revisiting Shiraz city with a factor of 0.79 and T value of 44.1, and tourists' mental perceptions of Shiraz city with a factor of 0.57 and T value of 45.12 have a positive and significant relationship with the dependent variable of tourism boom in Shiraz city with an error level of one percent. The findings of the research show that Shiraz enjoys a very good tourism boom, providing infrastructure for the nightly presence of tourists to visit historical buildings and monuments, attractive cultural and religious places, and recreational spaces due to their high desirability for tourists, causing development and prosperity of night tourism in Shiraz city.

Many studies have been conducted on urban poverty and its spatial analysis, but the expansion of the city and its effect on the creation of urban poverty clusters has not been given much attention. This research aims to evaluate the effect of the expansion of Urmia city on the formation of poverty clusters. In this regard, the situation of urban poverty in different periods of urban development during the last hundred years was analyzed. Various methods were combined to examine the effect of urban expansion on urban poverty and to provide spatial information needed for better decision-making. In the first step, 21 indicators covering the economic, social, and physical dimensions of urban poverty were selected. Then, a proposed method was used to evaluate urban poverty in study units (population blocks). In the last step, the expansion of the city from 1932 to 2022 was extracted in eight development periods and the urban poverty situation was evaluated in each period. The results show that with the expansion of the city, the relative size of poor urban areas has increased. The size of areas with physical poverty in Urmia city increased by 21% from 2004 to 2022, social poverty increased by 10% from 1994 to 1987, and economic poverty increased by 6% from 1987 to 1975. Additionally, the relative extent of poor urban areas has increased by 29% from 2004 to 2022. The results of linear regression also show that there is a direct relationship between urban expansion and the formation of urban poverty clusters. In general, urban expansion explains 37% of the formation of poor urban areas.

The issue of the physical vulnerability of neighborhoods against earthquakes is the subject of this research. Crisis management and smart crisis management are generally considered in three stages: before, during, and after the crisis. The management of a smart crisis in all three stages, with emphasis on preparedness and anticipation of vulnerability against disasters such as earthquakes, can provide a way to predict vulnerability and increase power in decision-making. The purpose of this research is to present a predictive model for the vulnerability of the physical context against earthquakes in District 1 of Tehran municipality using machine learning. The research method is analytical and quantitative. Some of the data was collected from GIS and some were extracted from the map analysis. According to the use of a supervised learning approach in this research, labeling was performed by researchers in five different spectrums. Decision tree algorithm, support vector machine (SVM), and multilayer neural network (MLP) were used as machine learning algorithms. The portion of training data for the test was considered to be 70 to 30. By examining the accuracy of the model by the confusion matrix, it was found that the decision tree algorithm with an accuracy of 99.50, sensitivity of 99.42, and error of 0.5 has better performance than the other two algorithms. Moreover, the neural network with an accuracy of 97.85, sensitivity of 97.57, and error of 2.15 showed better performance than support vector machine.

One of the problems that has always threatened the life of urban communities for centuries is the occurrence of natural disasters that if left unattended and unprepared, cause irreparable damage to various aspects of human life, including residential, social, economic, etc.. In the world, 40 types of natural disasters have been identified, 31 of which have occurred in Iran. Among these natural disasters, earthquakes are one of the most important natural disasters that pose a threat to the development of society and as one of the major disasters, causing various physical, social, and economic damages around the world every year. Until the 1980s, the prevailing approach to global crisis management was based on reducing vulnerability, but since the 1980s, efforts have been made to change the prevailing crisis management paradigm; the prevailing view has shifted from focusing solely on reducing vulnerability to increasing disaster resilience. In this new paradigm, the shift from reactivity to deterrence and participation has changed. In the meantime, managerial-institutional resilience against natural disasters (earthquakes), which is actually how the administrative and executive capacities of societies are affected by disasters, is one of the issues that should be considered in every society. It is noteworthy that the type of attitude towards the issue of resilience and the way of its analysis, on the one hand, plays a key role in how to recognize the current situation of resilience and its causes, and on the other hand, affects policies and measures to reduce risk and how to deal with it.

Despite the fact that the new city of Sahand has high a potential for an all-around presence in the field of urban branding and creating a unique brand to benefit from the advantages of urban branding, it has not yet found its proper place in this field. The current research aims to identify and prioritize factors affecting the city brand of Sahand. This study is practical in terms of targeting and descriptive-analytical in terms of methodology. In the process of data preparation and production, first, the explanatory components of the city brand were identified using the opinions of 30 professors and experts from the relevant organizations through the Delphi method. To analyze the information of 18 factors as strong influencing factors on the brand of Sahand city, ISM interpretive-structural modeling and Mic Mac software were used. The results of the research showed that mass media and physical and environmental indicators are among the most influential components of the urban brand and indicators of favorable reputation, sense of pride in the city, sense of belonging, attractiveness of the city, tourism facilities, migration, and participation are among the most susceptible factors. Moreover, the results obtained from Mic Mac show that the influential indicators are part of the key variables, which have high influence power, low dependence, and the greatest impact on the development of a city brand in Sahand city, and other indicators are part of the linked variables that have high influence and dependence. Therefore, taking the necessary measures requires the serious attention of urban and regional managers and planners.