نشریه زبان و ادب فارسی
پیاپی 56 (پاییز 1402)

Resurrection is the belief in the last day and the afterlife of human beings after death and punishment and the reward of their deeds and is one of the principles of the divine worldview and the most important principle after monotheism that the divine prophets have invited people to and almost one The third is the verses of the Qur'an related to it. The resurrection has originated for the first time in the human mind from intra-religious sources. Al-Ghazali's works are discussed. Then, the theological and mystical view and approach to the truth of the resurrection and various related interpretations, the most important of which are resurrection, death, return, etc., are examined. The bodily resurrection of the intellect is incapable of proving and understanding it, and merely acknowledges its possibility. The science of man's attainment to the hereafter is through divine knowledge; these two mystics, influenced by their mystical inclinations, consider only the mystical view as the discoverer of the true meanings of the words of revelation and resurrection.

In the past one hundred and fifty years, there have been uprisings against the Qajar and Ottoman governments in various regions of Kurdistan, and the uprising of Sheikh Obaidullah Nahri, a great Sufi follower of the Naqshbandi sect, is one of those uprisings that, due to its religious aspect, had a great impact among the Kurdish people. had This movement, which was initially supposed to be against the Ottoman government, turned around and changed its direction inside the borders of Iran and caused serious problems for the Iranian and Ottoman governments. This movement failed not long after its beginning, and its leader was arrested and exiled to Hejaz. One of the issues that has been raised about this movement and has received little attention so far is the arrest and arrest of activists and promoters of the Naqshbandi sect in Iran for crimes. There has been cooperation with Sheikh Ubaidullah, who was promoting the Naqshbandi Tariqat outside the geographical areas of the Kurdish regions. This article tells the biography of one of the Naqshbandi Sufis named Sheikh Mahmoud Sanandji (Arif), who was arrested at the same time as the uprising of Sheikh Obaidullah in the city of Talash in Gilan province and imprisoned in Tehran, and dead in prison. This article is the first The report is about this incident.

The poem of Lili and Majnoon is especially important among Persian lyrical stories. It is important to examine it based on various types of criticism. One of the important types of criticism is sociological and theory-oriented criticism. Lukács, Pierre Bourdieu and Theodor Adorno have examined. The problem is the analysis of the lyrical content of the work based on mentalities, objectivity, social transformations, collective characteristics, theories of action, cultural differentiation and four capitals. The research method is descriptive-analytical, in this way, what and why are the sociological effects of lyrical literature, the lyrical characteristics and cultural geography of the said work separately and compared with each other, the nature of the lyrical literature born of this work, the type of vitality and The basis of the homogenous and contrasting lyrical actions of the characters in the stories, the cultural watershed, the cultural distinctions of the real society and the inner society of the story, re-examination and new findings were obtained, the findings show: the phenomena of the story are not monotonous to the objectivity, worldview, poet's mentalities. and the ideology of the social groups of the era of the emergence of the system that have shown themselves in the form of stories are related.

Ibn Arabi has one of the most complex mystical-philosophical thoughts. He often uses a difficult structure and new terminologies in proposing various mystical issues. One of these issues is the plan of nobles fixed in the absence and consequently the ability. In the thought system of Ibn Arabi and his successors, the fixed principles are the scientific forms of objects in his knowledge that he noticed before the external determination. These scientific forms or the spirit of the phenomena in the divine science, in the form of good and bad, are later realized in external determination. Their realization is based on their abilities. That is, if it has the ability and ability to be bad, that creature will become bad, and if it has the ability and ability to be good, that creature will be good. This research, which is written in a descriptive-analytical way, seeks to investigate the ability from the point of view of Ibn Arabi and Shah Da'i Shirazi. The results indicate that Shah Da'i followed Ibn Arabi and expressed the same point of view in this issue as in many other mystical issues.

The two epic poems Bahman Nameh and Kush Nameh are among the national epics that were organized after Ferdowsi's Shahnameh and following it in the late 5th and 6th centuries and played a significant role in completing the narratives and stories of the Shahnameh. By carefully and reflecting on these two works, one can understand the necessity of ordering and printing the works after the Shahnameh in keeping alive the Persian language and the stories of ancient Iran, which Iranshah bin Abi al-Khair, with all his love and devotion, devoted himself to order and compose it. In these two epic verses, on the occasion of many conflicts and grudges between the main characters of the story and their enemies, we are faced with numerous scenes of war and battle; So that the main characteristic in Bahman Nameh and Kush Nameh can be considered as the category of war and fighting, and the best descriptions in these two books can be considered specific to the battlefields. But in the midst of these epic stories, we come across lyrical and romantic scenes that are actually the meeting place of epic and poetry. These stories, while being epic, have the characteristics of Ghanaian stories. In this research, the author tries to investigate the love effects in these two verses by descriptive-comparative method. The results of the research indicate that these two poems are an epic poem. be; But the manifestations of love and romantic relationships can be seen everywhere in these two works.

The present study investigates the narrative element in Vahshi Bafghi's poem "Nazer and Manzour" (the observer and the observed) in the light of the theory of "Tzutan Todorov". The structure of the narrative refers to the method of organization, the set of relationships and elements and components of the work. The structural analysis examines the relationship between these elements including attainment of the proposition, the sequel as well as examining the plot, narrator and different echelons of the storyline. Of course, in addition to the mentioned cases, thoughts and notions of the content of the work are also examined. Therefore, considering the emergence of schools of literary criticism, which has opened a new chapter in Persian language research, as well as the position of Persian love poems that have been considered as prominent works from the beginning to the present and contain many features of Persian language and literature, the present research has extracted narrative aspects in this work through descriptive-analytical method together with using library resources. Existence of eight sequences and propositions, amongst which balance and imbalance are sometimes seen, and that the sequences do not reach the final balance, aspects of causality and causation to continue the narrative, the process of characterization considering the two elements of the lover and beloved and the existing obstacles on their way to reach each other and the propositional materials in the narrative are among the findings of this research

One of the main features in the poetry of the poets of the constitutional era is their new and modern view of various social topics and categories. This topic, especially in the parallel years of the constitutional revolution and after, can be seen more and more in the poems of the poets of this era. One of the most important contemporary Iranian poets in this period is Malik al-Shaara Bahar. In this research, the comparison of modernity in the poems of Bahar and Haji Qadir Koui, a Kurdish and Iraqi modernist poet, has been discussed. As it can be seen from their poems, both poets have a new and modernist view in many and different fields, and in this article, an attempt has been made to examine and analyze their views and thoughts about women, religion and science.Scientism, anti-superstition and a new look at women and issues related to her are the common points of both poets, although Haji Qadir paid more attention to ignorance and anti-superstition than Bahar, and Bahar paid more attention to women and her rights than him.

Writing is one of most important skills for the language learning. To teach this skill, various methods are used, such as formulaic speeches which are pre-prepared parts of the language and play an important role in language development and also have an important role in social communication.Learning these speeches is one of the educational strategies for foreign language learners that simplifies and accelerates the learning process. In this regard, the present study investigates the effect of formulaic speeches on the process of learning and teaching Persian writing skills to Arabic speakers who want to learn Persian writing. In this study, a quasi-experimental method with a comparison of static groups was used. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to study the teaching of writing in Persian using formulaic speeches. In this study, Persian is considered as a second language that is taught to Arabic speakers. The statistical population consisted of twenty Arabic speakers who participated in online Persian writing skills training classes. These subjects were divided into two groups (we named these two groups control and experimental group) each of them consist of ten persons. The experimental group, while learning essay writing techniques, also became acquainted

 Public culture is an ancient heritage with a territory as wide as the history of humanity, which has been inherited orally, from chest to chest and from generation to generation in the form of valuable experiences. The folk literature of every nation and nationality originates from its culture and civilization and reflects the thoughts, views and also the lifestyle of the peoples and nations in the distant past. The purpose of this research is to identify common beliefs and traditions in Jalalieh treatise by Mohtsham Kashani. Therefore, the current research has analyzed the "public culture investigation in Risal Jalalieh by Mohtsham Kashani" using the method of content analysis and based on library studies. The results of the research show that Mohtsham Kashani used most of the elements of popular culture in his work and used them to make his work more attractive and popular. The way to preserve the good and old traditions has also helped a lot, among which the highest frequency is dedicated to public beliefs and opinions, literature and public terms, and the least of them is dedicated to things such as jobs, professions, and public customs.