نشریه دستاوردهای نوین در حقوق عمومی
پیاپی 8 (زمستان 1402)

Numerous deadly conflicts and human tragedies occur in the authority domain of national sovereignty. The doctrine of "responsibility to protect" (R2P) has primarily entrusted governments with the responsibility of preventing human crises by implementing some basic (structural) measures, which, if carried out, will essentially prevent crises from happening or prevent their recurrence through a series of long-term structural adjustments. Many human crises stem from undue discrimination, poverty, and social, political, and economic inequality. A question rises here: what are the paramount fundamental preventive measures for which the government is responsible? The research findings show that the most important preventive measures to be taken by governments for good governance include respecting human rights, promoting social and economic development, promoting a sense of solidarity among ethnic groups, preventing environmental destruction, and boosting power regarding public security. Preventing conflicts and human disasters is not a mere local or national issue. Success in prevention generally requires solid support from the international community.

Marine environmental international law is one of the trends in international law that tries to oblige governments to comply with the necessary laws and measures needed to maintain biological resources, organisms and the health of the seas. The presence of rich oil and gas resources in the sensitive and strategic region of the Persian Gulf and its environmental characteristics have recognized this region as one of the most important strategic regions in the world, which is exposed to severe environmental pollution and destruction. . The creation of these pollutions should result in civil responsibility for the polluting country under the title of international responsibility, which was the purpose of establishing an organization called RAPMI. In this article, an attempt has been made to deal with the issue by combining the articles of the Human Rights Commission and the 1978 Kuwait Convention, that if a government causes environmental pollution to enter the Persian Gulf due to oil and gas extraction, its responsibility. How is the country compared to other countries? This responsibility, which can be called the "responsibility of international marine environmental rights, needs to hold more international gatherings and meetings in order for it to become more and more realistic.

One of the types of tourism is religious tourism, which has a special place for various reasons. Because religious tourism, considering that there are different opinions and sometimes even objections against it, which originates from their religious beliefs, so that in addition to their money, it also puts their lives at risk..Now, the purpose of this research is to examine the existing legal capacities and the capabilities that prevail in the rules and regulations of the regional courts. It should be determined whether it is possible to support religious tourists by submitting legal petitions or submitting criminal complaints or not? In this article, in order to achieve the goal, a descriptive analytical research method has been used. Finally, the results of this research showed by stating and explaining the rules and regulations governing the regional courts. that religious tourists or their statesmen, by using their legal and criminal capacities in the form of rules and regulations governing regional courts, are able to not only reduce many political and economic tensions in the world, Rather, they should provide the means to restore the violated rights and also prevent the repetition of similar issues in the future.

 Investigations show that the government has long sought to de-judge and internalize the method of quick, specialized, legal and cost-free resolution of disputes of a non-judicial nature between the executive bodies under its management and the internal mechanisms of the executive branch within the framework of Article 134 and in compliance with Article 159 of the Constitution and this policy was implemented in the form of approvals of the Council of Ministers and by drafting regulations on how to resolve disputes between executive bodies by the governors and the legal assistant of the president and including the prohibition of paying government funds to raise disputes between ministries and government institutions in judicial proceedings. The country's annual budget has been followed and implemented. However, due to the lack of legal infrastructures and the lack of planning for coherent administrative and executive structures in the governorates, no significant results have been achieved. Therefore, in this research, which is organized in a descriptive-analytical and library method, while identifying the obstacles, strengths and weaknesses, ambiguity, silence, contradiction and conflict in the existing laws and regulations, we have tried to find solutions to empower, modify and revise the process. We present the law for resolving disputes between the executive bodies and the internal mechanisms of the executive branch.

The right to a healthy environment is one of the basic human rights. This right actually reflects high values such as the right to life, the right to health, and the right to live with a standard, and it is closely related to the prerequisites for the continuation of the life of the current generation and future generations. In fact, this right is in accordance with the collective requirements and today the necessity of raising this right has caused more attention to be paid to it. In this regard, many international documents, both binding and non-binding, such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and the Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, explicitly and implicitly emphasize the right to a healthy environment. In this article, which is done with a descriptive-analytical method, we have tried to examine and recognize this right by emphasizing human rights. The results of the present research show that despite the fact that several laws have been passed in order to protect the environment and in each of the international documents the right to the environment has been emphasized in some way, it has not been enough. Therefore, this requires a global and comprehensive effort to achieve an ideal in this regard.

This research has been done to investigate the legitimacy and evolution process of the concept of government legitimacy by regional unions. Since the most obvious component of legitimacy is respect for human rights, on this basis, the government is evaluated based on the rights, discipline and security that it establishes for the people and by the people. So, nowadays the governments stablished based on illegal ways like coups, aggressions and ethnic and racial discrimination are facing the crisis of legitimacy to public opinion. Especially by formation of regional unions, the components of national legitimacy of governments have evolved.In order to carry out the research, the following question is raised: how have the components of national legitimacy of the government evolved in the procedure of regional unions and what impact has it had on modern international law? To answer this question the research method is comparative-descriptive and library-based. The result shows that not only the effective control of a government is not considered the basis of national legitimacy, but also democratic methods and tools in reaching power as well as the ability of national governments to establish stability in society based on respect for human rights and basic freedoms of citizens in the procedure of regional unions has been identified