نشریه مطالعات سیاسی - اجتماعی تاریخ معاصر ایران
پیاپی 2 (تابستان 1401)

Separation of powers is one of the important issues in the field of constitutional rights of the countries of the world. In the Islamic Republic of Iran and the United States of America, this issue has been emphasized in different ways in the constitution. The upcoming research deals with a comparative study between the separation of powers in these two countries. At the beginning, different models of the separation of powers are discussed, then the relations between the executive and legislative powers and the separation of powers beyond the two powers are examined. The result is that in America there is separation of powers of the type of presidential system, but none of the models of separation of powers have been implemented in Iran.

In the past decades, the figure of Qaim Maqam has become one of the elements that cannot be removed from the history of reforms and modernization, and Qaim Maqam has been mentioned as one of the influential figures in the modernization of the country, along with Amir Kabir and Sepehsalar. Farahani's political performance is very important in understanding Iran at the "threshold of modernization". The reforms brought about by Abbas Mirzai, the crown prince, and his deputy chancellor, Farahani, who were serving Iran in Darul Sultanah in Tabriz, caused the victory of the constitutional movement and people's rule in this city. Therefore, in this study, Farahani's reformist efforts were investigated.

The participation of different strata of people is one of the most fundamental issues of the revolution, especially among the fourth generation thinkers of revolution theories. People are one of the main pillars of any revolution, and if they don't show a desire to accompany the revolution, a revolution usually doesn't happen. Iran's Islamic Revolution, which claims to be the most popular revolution in the world, needs a detailed quantitative and qualitative analysis to better explain the importance of this issue. Most of the research about the presence of different strata of people in the Islamic Revolution is mostly limited to the last decade of the second Pahlavi era, especially the years 1977 and 1978. The second point is that this qualitative and quantitative information about the participation of different classes of people is based on the statistics obtained from demonstrations and marches. Therefore, the role of the people in the years 1963 to 1967 has been neglected, and the documents, which are among the main and documented sources of the Islamic Revolution, have not been paid attention to. Based on this, the main question of the current research is how and to what extent the Iranian people laid the foundations of the Islamic Revolution and continued the struggle in the 1960s and early 1970s.

Iran's weakness during the last three Qajar kings along with events such as the constitutional revolution which had the support of Great Britain against the interests of Russia. Zawiya-Russia Convention 1325/1907, by which Russia and Great Britain divided Iran into areas under influence. The occupation of Iran by the British, Russians and Ottomans during the First World War; The abortive agreement of 1919 between England and Iran, according to which Iran had to be partially protected. Finally, it caused a coup that brought Seyed Ziauddin Tabatabai and Reza Khan to power in 1299. This coup eventually led to the establishment of the Pahlavi dynasty in Iran. Meanwhile, the role, influence and profiteering of foreign forces cannot be ignored. The British, who saw Russia's presence in the north of the country as a serious threat to them and wanted to protect their interests in the south of Iran; Behind the scenes and secretly, this coup was planned and carried out by Iranian agents. The current study, with a descriptive-analytical approach, examines the role and impact of the people who were involved in this coup, both operationally and as theorists, as evidenced by history.

Among the figures of Iran's contemporary history, Amir Kabir is considered one of the great architects of Iran's reform project, who, by carrying out practical political, economic and social reforms, laid the foundation for modernity in Iran. However, his untimely murder dealt a terrible blow to the changing body of Iran. However, his actions and reforms left an undeniable impact on the process of reforming Iran in the following periods, so that many of the reformed and modern statesmen of the Nasser era, who pushed forward the trend of Iranian modernization in the field of thought and practice, were among the successors of Amir Kabir. Examining the intellectual foundations and model of Amir Kabir's reforms during his presidency is the main issue of this article.

Fictions have been with mankind for a long time. Several reasons have been stated for the longevity of this type of story, including the need of humans to narrate and listen to the narrative; One of the most important features of this ancient story format - which has caused its vitality and dynamism - is the transmission from breast to breast, which makes anyone from any geographical region and from any time period, narrate the story in a way. In fact, fictions change and adapt to the times of the narrator and the audience. Many fairy tales are rewritten or recreated by today's authors and presented to the audience as children's stories, while we are faced with an important question regarding the presentation of stories to children: are the teachings of stories suitable for children? Many fairy tales are rewritten or recreated by today's authors and presented to the audience as children's stories, while we are faced with an important question regarding the presentation of stories to children: are the teachings of stories suitable for children.