فصلنامه علوم خبری
پیاپی 46 (تابستان 1402)

In Public Budgeting which gets done through Actions of Parliaments, certain principles that in most legal systems are more or less accepted must be followed. Such principles should basically be considered in all stages of Public Budgeting. However some of them may be ignored by legislatures in action. Among these principles, Legality, Annuality, Unity, Universality, Comprehensiveness, Gross Budgeting, Equilibrium, Priority of Revenue over Expenditure, Prediction and Procession, Estimative of Revenue, Limitation of Expenditure, Specification, Non-assignment, Flexibility and Centralization of Revenue are stressed by Iranian Constitution and Legislation. Despite these principles, other ones such as Rule of Law, Responsibility, Correctness, Proportionality, Alternation, Sufficiency, Transparency, Management, Variety, Separation of Continual and Non-continual Credits, Reliability, Predictability are more or less and in action connoted by Iranian Legislation. Principles of Unity, Universality, Specification, Annuality, Gross Budgeting, Equilibrium, Accuracy, Transparency, Management and Unit of Account are mentioned by Council Regulation (EU, Euratom) No 1605/2002 – of 25 June 2002 on the Financial Regulation applicable to the general budget of the European Communities. Amidst recent principles, Unit of Account is specific to the budgeting system of the European Union. Also the World Bank in the Public Expenditure Management Handbook (1998) has denoted principles of Comprehensiveness, Discipline, Legality, Flexibility, Predictability, Contestability, Correctness, Transparency, Responsibility as due principles of budgeting. Current research is a comparative study of principles of budgeting in Iranian Legal budgeting System and that of the European Union in the light of basic budgeting principles of the World Bank in its 1998 Report.

The purpose of this research is to know the relationship between the amount of use of the social network Instagram and the growth of moral judgment as one of the processes of human growth and development in students.The research method is a survey and the researched population is the students of North Tehran Azad University., technology and humanities and in two bachelor's and master's degrees. The sample size was calculated using spss sample power software of 366 people and the quota sampling method was used. Data were collected using Yasini's moral judgment growth scale (2010) and researcher-made scales for other variables, and Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the scales was obtained at an optimal level.The findings of the research showed that the average growth of moral judgment of the studied students was 3.61 out of 5, and the average use of Instagram was 2.89 hours per day. The average trust in Instagram was 3.75 out of 5. There is no significant difference in the mean score of moral judgment growth in boys and girls, but there is a significant difference in the two academic sections and in different academic fields. The relationship between the amount of use of Instagram and the growth of students' moral judgment was confirmed at a The result is that the effect of using Instagram and trusting this social network with the growth of students' moral judgment was statistically confirmed, but the extent of this relationship is weak and negligible.

Cybercrimes are crimes that occur in a non-physical environment, that is, in the cyberspace and the Internet, which are criminalized by various laws, considering that with the advancements in the field of cybercrime technology, the traditional methods of responding There is no need to deal with these crimes, so there is a need for new methods to prevent these crimes, according to this issue, the current research was conducted with the aim of explaining the position of the situational prevention of cybercrimes in the pathological bush that governs it. The research method is descriptive and analytical, and library sources were used to collect information. Based on the research results; Situational prevention measures including; Measures restricting or denying access, surveillance measures that identify suspicious cases and records, licensing measures, anonymizing and encryption tools, Internet patrols and cyber space monitoring to identify suspicious cases and prevent possible crimes, public education, identification and control of people Risk-maker, increasing the tangible risks of committing a crime, increasing protections and cares in the cyberspace, etc. play a fundamental role in preventing cybercrimes. Among the challenges, obstacles and problems faced by situational prevention are the multiplicity of criminal content, the transnationality of cybercrimes, the lack of sufficient expertise of judicial and law enforcement authorities, the temporary nature of situational prevention, the conservative approach to crime, its opportunism, and the lack of inclusion of all targets. He pointed out the transfer of crime, the lack of transparency of some legal terms.

Elitism is one of the approaches that in its core is in favor of tyranny and against the supervision-oriented and popular government methods such as constitutionalism. The main premise of this article is based on the principle that it seems that at the end of the Qajar period and the beginning of whispers and political movements in order to change the monarchy and bring Reza Shah to power, from before the coup of 1921 to the beginning of his reign, some press took an elitist approach and favored A reformer came to power. Based on this, the article has a main question: What were the roots of the elitist approach of the Iranian press that resulted in supporting the coup of 1921 and finally establishing Reza Shah's government? The results of the research showed that political and social disturbances and crises such as the signing of the 1919 agreement, social and economic problems, and changes in the nature of journalism and communication are among the main reasons for the elitist approach of the press in the years leading up to the coup, and the journalists who supported the arrival of a powerful reformer or Menor's dictatorship tended. The forward article with a descriptive-analytical approach and a library-documentary method aims to evaluate and explain the role of the elitist view of the press on the rise of Reza Shah based on the viewpoint of the theorists of political elitism.

The main adjective of the article is to extract the conceptual model of the BBC Persian website about the news of Queen Elizabeth's death. So, the main question is, which conceptual model has the BBC Persian website applied to dealing with the news of the death of the queen so that it can convey the desired meaning of this event to the audiences?

The research was done qualitatively using thematic analysis technique. Thus, the conceptual model is obtained from the themes taken from the news texts.

The findings of the research showed that the BBC Persian Website has tried to process the primary or basic themes in the special format and then embed them in more general categories in three mediating themes such as Mother, Leader and Trusted friend, as a final themes; to induce "maternal leadership" to the audiences.

The concepts used by the BBC Persian website on the death of the Queen confirms that news website was not neutral and presented biased content that has induced a positive meaning to the audience about the Queen of Britain; In addition, technically it seems that the extraction of the conceptual model in the article, represents an implicit function in the context of media framing around this issue. This means that the producers of in BBC Persian Website have already a certain image in mind and shape suitable formats and techniques to convey them to the the audiences.

The existence of emerging elements and phenomena in the field of media and news requires that the type of policy making in this field is dynamic and fluid. For this reason, in the era of diverse, numerous and full of uncertainties, the range of surprises for media policymakers is increasing And therefore, to optimize the media policy cycle, it has always been suggested to use the knowledge and tools of future research. In fact, future studies can fill the gaps in the field of media policy.This important thing will be possible by using the tools and methods of this knowledge. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to introduce and examine future research tools that can be useful in the field of media policy. In this article, it has been tried to answer the main question, what are the capacities of future research tools in media policy making? In this regard, qualitative library method has been used to advance the research and data collection tools have been used from different sources. Based on the data of this article, it is necessary to solve the existing challenges in this field in order to make optimal use of future research capacities in media policy making. In this regard, the scientific institutionalization of futurism is proposed with the aim of creating a foundation for the link between the two sciences of futurism and media policy.