نشریه زیست فناوری گیاهان دارویی
سال چهارم شماره 1 (بهار و تابستان 1397)

Dog rose (Rosa canina L.) is a medicinal plant. The fruits of this plant have many medicinal properties that are unknown to many people, especially in Iran. In vitro propagation of rose has a very important role in rapid multiplication of species with desirable traits and production of healthy and disease-free plants. Vitamins of media and plant growth regulators are one of the most important factors in the plant micropropagation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of various concentrations of 6- Benzylaminopurine (BAP) and vitamins of media (MS and LS) on the proliferation of nodal segments of Rosa canina. This experiment was performed as completely randomized design (CRD) with factorial arrangement. The results of this study showed that the highest percentage of proliferation (90%) and number of shoots (4.7) were observed in 0.5 mg/l BAP in MS medium vitamins. While the highest number of nodes (4.24) was obtained in 1 mg/l BAP in MS medium vitamins. As a general conclusion, the results of this study showed that MS medium vitamins have a better effect on proliferation of nodal segments of Rosa canina than LS medium vitamins.

Induced hairy roots by Agrobacterium rhizogenes are a suitable tissue for the production of secondary metabolites, due to the stability and high production of roots in hormonal-free conditions. Trigonella foenum – graecum L. is one of the medical plants in the family Fabaceae. Many useful components in Trigonella foenum L. leafs are Calcium, Iron, Phosphorus, Carotene, Ascorbic acid, Protein, Thiamine, Riboflavin. Also, this plant widely used as anti-diabetes, blood glucose, cholesterol- lowering, Anti-cancer, Antibacterial, and food stuffing. In this study, hairy roots were induced using A. rhizogenes strains A4, ATCC11325 and ATCC15834 by injection method in complete seedling, cotyledon and hypocotyl explants. The effect of strain type and explant type, were investigated on the effectiveness of hairy roots. The explants were cultured in B5 medium with 4 replications. Hairy roots appeared in bacterial inoculation after 2 to 3 weeks. The highest amount of transgenic (93%), hairy roots number (10.43 number) and the maximum root length (6.64 cm) were observed in complete seedling explant of 10 days and A4 strain. In the hypocotyl explants, the hairy roots were not observed.

The plant of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) belonging to the Asteraceae family contains kinocalcone pigments that have medicinal properties. These pigments are abundant in the flower of this plant, but it has been seen that the roots of this plant in vitro have the potential for high production of these pigments. One of the ways to increase the production of secondary metabolites in tissue culture is to use different elicitors. In this study, chitosan nanoparticles were used as an elicitor. Grown roots were first cultured in liquid Murashige and Skoog(MS) medium for mass production, in static condition. The roots were then subcultured with chitosan nanoparticles (0, 1, 2 and 4%). After 20 days of culture the growth was determined and the yellow pigments of root and medium were measured by spectrophotometer and the results showed that chitosan nanoparticles had no effect on growth and increased the pigment leakage to the culture medium. The effect of chitosan nanoparticles on release of safflower metabolites into the culture medium can facilitate the transfer of metabolites without destroying the roots, and this is a significant advantage for in vitro production.

In order to investigation effects of culture media and growth regulators concentration on proliferation and rooting of Rosa damascena Mill cv " Kashan 2 an exprimment was conducted in factorial completely random design with five replication in Bojnourd branch,isalmic azad university in 2017. In the first stage, regeneration of shoots was investigated in response to the composition of the culture medium and hormonal composition. The factors included: levels of BAP in 5 levels (0, 0.5 , 1, 1.5, 2 mg/l) and NAA in three levels (0, 0.1, 0.5 mg/l) and medium culture (MS and WPM). The results showed that there was a significant difference between the culture of media and concentrations of growth regulator. The highest shoot length was observed in WPM medium. There is no significant difference between medium culture (MS and WPM) for regeneration and number of shoot. The interaction of two growth regulators showed that the highest shoot length belonged 2 mg / l of BAP and 0 NAA. The highest shoot length was obsereved in WPM culture medium and 1.5 mg/l BAP with 0.5 mg/l NAA. The highest number of shoots belonged to WPM and 2 mg/l BAP and 0.1 mg/l NAA. NAA growth regulator reduced the percentage of shoot regeneration. The highest percentage of shoot regeneration was observed at 2 mg/l BAP without NAA hormone in WPM medium and MS medium with 1 mg/l BAP and 0 NAA. In the second stage, the reaction of culture media to levels of IBA regulator (1.2 and 3 ml) investigated. The results showed that the highest indices of rooting belonged to MS medium and 1 mg IBA .

The use of plants as a medicine has a very old history and has been used as herbal medicines in all of its past civilizations. Plantago is one of genus belonging to the Plantaginaceae family and is a medicinal plant. Plantago major is one of the most valuable species of this genus and has valuable secondary metabolites. Part of leaves, stem, and root excised from in vitro P.major were cultured on (MS) medium supplemented with various plant growth regulators TDZ and IBA at different concentrations. After 4 weeks, callus percent, explants with shoot and number of shoots per explant were calculated. The best callus percent observed in all three of explant in 2:1 TDZ: IBA (100%). The best regeneration percent (100%) observed in leaves (100%) in 1:0.5 and 1.5:1 mg.ml-1 concentration (69.05%, 30%) by direct regeneration and 1.5:2, 2:1 mg.ml-1 by indirect regeneration (83.33%, 100%) respectively. Although 2:1 mg.ml-1 showed the most callus and regeneration percent in all of the explants but the high frequency of a number of the shoots was obtained in the medium containing 1:2 mg.ml-1 TDZ:IBA (Leave 41.67) and 2:2 mg.ml-1 TDZ: IBA in Stem (21) and root (9) . Rooting was obtained on MS medium supplemented with 0.05 mg.ml1 IBA. Two weeks later, the Seedlings were transferred to MS PGRs-free medium then were successfully transplanted to sterile 80% peat moss and 20% perlite mix in the pot after two weeks and at regular intervals, seedlings were watered with Hoagland solution and distilled water with a survival rate of 100%. Our result showed that regenerations were adventitious shoot. Therefore, this plantain has the good ability of regeneration as leaves showed great regeneration percent.

The genus Thymus L. is one of the largest genera of the Lamiaceae family and aromatic plants. Plants of these genera have commercial value due to their essential oils. Thymus eriocalyx is one of the species that is exclusively on the Iranian plateau. In order to investigate the molecular characteristics of Thymus eriocalyx populations in Iran, 10 habitats were selected in Lorestan, Markazi, Hamedan, Kermanshah and Kurdistan provinces (using the DSS method) (50 plant samples). Also, 15 primers with 10 N lengths selected. The molecular data, based on RAPD experiments, divided the populations into five distinct groups. Primers used in this experiment produced 71 bands, which showed 68 polymorphic bands. OPA-05, OPA-17, OPD03 and OPE-20 primers with the highest polymorphism and marker index had excellent ability to study genetic variation in studied species. P2 and P7 populations had the maximum effective allele and p9 population had the minimum value. The highest and lowest mean of expected heterozygosity belonged to P2 and P9 populations, respectively. The highest genetic similarity was observed between P2 and P3 genotypes and the lowest genetic similarity between P2 and P10. The results of analysis of variance (AMOVA) showed that the variation within the populations of these species (68%) is greater than the diversity among populations (32%), which this fact prove the importance of single plant selection and paying attention to individual in Thymus breeding programs.

One of the important components of medicinal plants is essential oils that have many biological effects. Using of natural compounds to control pests and plant diseases, is one of the ways to reduce environmental hazards. Replacement industrial fungicides by natural compounds (especially with plant origin) that are not toxic, has attracted a lot of attention. In this experiment, the inhibitory effect of different concentrations of the essential oil of pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium L.) belonging to the Lamiaceae family, that is an important, economic and high consumption of medicinal plants in Iran, studied against plant pathogenic fungi Fusarium equiseti, Fusarium cerealis ،Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lentis, Fusarium proliferatum, Aspergillus niger, Botrytis cinerea and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. For this purpose, factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications. Also, oil extracted by clevenger apparatus in concentrations 0.02, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5 ml of essential oil per liter of PDA medium were used and without essential oil medium considered as control. Results showed that pennyroyal essential oil has a significant effect on inhibiting the growth of pathogenic fungi and with increasing concentrations, the inhibitory effect significantly increases, so that maximum inhibitory effect (IP) of fungal growth observed at concentrations 0.6, 0.8, 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5 ml of essential oil per liter of PDA medium.

Knowing the plants of a region and their medicinal properties is important for understanding biodiversity, plant use, human health and pharmaceutical progress. The northern of central part of Saveh is mountainous and well climatic condition, which has a good plant diversity. Identification of plant species by collecting samples, preparing photographs and films, comparing plant specimens with flora of Iran, and in some cases, with relevant identification keys and medicinal properties were identified using various sources including articles and books. The Caryophylaceae family with a large number of genus and species was one of the most important familly in the northern central zone of Saveh. From this familly, 13 genera were identified with 19 species, of which two species were identified only to genuse. Most of the identified species have not been reported from Markazi province and in particular this region. Some Caryophylaceae species in this area have known medicinal properties, but for others, such as Dianthus crinitus, Silene species, Minuartia meyeri, Arenaria, Buffonia macrocarpa, Cerastium dichotomum, Holosteum liniflorum and several species identified as genus, no medicinal properties have been defined, although the medicinal properties of their adjacent species are marked. The overall result of this study showed that this area is suitable for the growth some medicinal plants, and it is necessary to investigate the edible and medicinal properties of these species of this region, which are abundant in this area.

St. John’s wort is a perennial flowering plant with valuable medicinal properties. In vitro systems are an important tool for obtaining uniform genetic plants that can be valuable sources of pharmaceutical products. Our aim in this research was to develop a more efficient regeneration protocol for this plant applicable in genetic engineering programs. To do this, the effects of different concentrations of silver nanoparticles (0, 0/5, 1, 2/5 and 5 mg/l) and its interaction with plant growth regulators as well as explants on shoot regeneration of Hypericum perforatum leaf and stem segment explant were evaluated, in a CRD-based factorial design with three replicates and five samples in each replicate under in vitro conditions. Based on the results, 1.5 mg / L of CPPU (N-(2-Chloro-4-pyridyl)-N'-phenylurea) and 1 mg / L of IAA was the most suitable hormonal combination for Hypericum perforatum regeneration. Silver nanoparticles at 1 mg / L concentration caused some positive effects such as increasing length in regenerated shoots from Hypericum perforatum leaf explants, but higher concentrations of nano silver (5 mg / L) caused a significant reduction in regeneration. Furthermore, the shoots regenerated from Hypericum perforatum leaf explants showed a better rooting on 1/2 MS medium containing 1 mg/l IBA.