نشریه پژوهش های معماری و محیط
پیاپی 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1397)

Considering that nourishment of children starts from schools, body of schools must meet diverse expectations, needs, and activities of students. Fitting the space of schools should principally go through a functional, rather than merely theoretical, process in all its facets. Present research aims explaining the pattern language of spatial features of high schools and identifying classification criteria for these patterns. In spite of their different aims and heterogeneous patterns of establishment, many Tabriz high schools don’t meet the criteria of possessing an appropriate level of educational facilities. Therefore, looks for the pattern of spatial features of high schools in Tabriz. To answer the research questions, a mixed method of quantitative- qualitative was adopted. At the first step the spatial features of educational buildings in different scales– from macro scale (related to the city) to micro scale (quality of inner spaces) have been extracted. Then by the quantitative method, through field studies classified sampling in terms of demography and gender were done in the high schools of the city. Finally, by logical reasoning method, qualitative results achieved from the previous steps– which led to explain the pattern language of spatial features of Tabriz high schools- are presented. The results of the researches show that spatial features of Tabriz high schools consist of two physical and functional- behavioral patterns which are debatable at various scales and levels. Three pattern language characteristics included “community”, “scale/ hierarchy” and “compatibility/ continuity” can be recognizable in pattern language of spatial features of Tabriz high schools.

Concept of social wealth includes social relations in the way of improving resident’s mental health, strengthening their solidarity, reducing social dilemmas and development of settlement; But despite of identifying indicators of social wealth, the influence of physical- spatial pattern of urban neighborhoods on this field, has been analyzed less. According to the hypothesis of this research, there is a meaningful relation between the physical- spatial plan of urban neighborhoods and amount of social wealth of neighborhoods. In theoretic part of the research, analytical method of content of texts and in practical part, analytical- descriptive method have been used to explain and test the hypothesis. At first indicators of social wealth in two neighborhoods of Zanjan city have been explained in seven axes and physical- spatial indicators (access network, variety and mixture of functions, equipped pedestrian path, spirited neighborhood center, local outdoors and green spaces) identified by field and documentary studying. For analyzing the social wealth, the seven above indicators with thirty six secondary indicators were weighed by random cluster sampling method and participation of 305 people from the residents of Mesgar-ha traditional neighborhood and Golshahr modern neighborhood, by statistical model and influence of the indicators in neighborhoods was examined. Results show that levels of safety indicators and public awareness are close together in two neighborhoods; But Mesgar-ha traditional neighborhood is at a higher level in terms of trust, participation, coherence, being a member of group, and sense of belonging to the neighborhood.

The thermal comfort and its related concerns are becoming much more controversial in modern cities. Contemporary architecture is completely influenced by surrounding environmental issues. In recent years paying attention to architectural design to achieve sustainable and eco- friendly architecture has been one of architects and researchers of this field’s concern. In the past, Iranian architecture was completely responsible for its surrounding environment and provided the thermal comfort to its inhabitants without damaging the nature and environment. Therefore, the ecological consideration to today’s architecture and urbanization and furthermore, lack of sufficient research on ecological issues in architecture explain necessity of the present writing. In same way, the Envi- met 3.1 software is used to simulate the different outdoor and semi- outdoor spaces in Tehran’s climate. In this study semi- closed spaces, semi- open spaces, open spaces and enclosed spaces, in format of designing environment of a residential complex are considered in terms of structure and thermal behaviors. Results of this research show that the semi- open spaces have the lowest temperature. The thermal behavior of semi- closed space is very similar to the semi-open space but because of stagnation of the air, temperature is higher than the semi-open space. Semi-closed space because of less proximity to its surroundings generally has less humidity and relative humidity in open and semi- open spaces is affected by absolute humidity of that place more than the temperature. The wind speed in enclosed open environments is less than other areas and average of radiant temperature in semi-closed spaces reaches the lowest amount.

Increasing the population of older people according of increasing hope of life in one hand and population control policies in another hand, became one of the most important social issues in Iran that challenge urban planners and designers. One of the important issues in landscape designing, is respect for its attention. The elderly are social groups who, with their special conditions and retirement, have plenty of leisure time and optionally use more open spaces and parks. Accordingly, the present study aims to identify the needs of the elderly for designing an elderly friendly park, and examining the existence and lack of fitness for the physical and mental characteristics of the elderly in the parks. n this research, using library resources and previous researches, we first studied the factors affecting the quality of the elderly parks, and then by 299 questionnaires from all elderly people aged 50 and older and those who lived with them along with the elderly and had a relative understanding from their condition, we measured the quality of those factors using the Likert spectrum at five levels. Then, using SPSS software, the mean and standard deviation were determined for each item and the cv coefficient was computed and arranged low to high. Since cv indicates a consensus among most sample individuals, the priority of each item was extracted. 36 of the facilities and services were provided to the respondents and based on the diversity and beauty of the green space in the park, the suitability of the number and location of the couches, the suitability of the pedestrian slope, the appropriate width of the trails, respectively, as priorities in the parks for The elderly have been from the elderly perspective, and There are fences in the stairs and steep surfaces for easy access, there are some memorable elements in the park, a hall and building with a heating system to use the park in the cold seasons, the availability of medical facilities and disposal in the park, the presence of wheelchairs in the park Except for the last priorities in the study, there is a lack of any of the above. Therefore, observance of safety issues in sanitary and sanitary facilities and the construction of buildings with a heating and cooling system in parks and security measures in the use of elements and legibility of warning panels and guidance, it is recommended to reinforce cases of people's dissatisfaction.

Because of crises arising from natural disasters and wars which have been more intricate and because of employing science and technology in modern wars a different type of non- operational defense is required. Checking out the latest wars shows that damaging public buildings -directly and indirectly- because of attacks, which are mostly propagated as military mistakes or other excuses, causes increasing human casualties as a result of the  buildings destruction due to hit  the bomb and waves of explosion arising these bombardment; so it is necessary, in the event of a crisis, unexpected incident or any attack the hospitals that are high- importance spaces, to preserve their efficiency to the maximum possible and to the maximum time and get the least amount of damages and cause the minimum human casualties. Undoubtedly, sciences related to architecture and urbanism play an important role in reducing casualties when the crises arise. In the same way, the architectural form of medical buildings has a significant role in the sustainability of the therapeutic structures during the war and the reduction of the damage caused by the explosion and earthquake during the crisis; so, in order to prevent the occurrence of these problems and to minimize the damages and casualties when the crises happen, the safety and security issue should be considered from the great issues to the technical details of the architecture. The main issue in this study is the lack of codified and expanded indexes to assess the sustainability of types of form combinations and the advantages and disadvantages of each type from viewpoint of passive defense. In the present research, which is an applied kind of researches, library study method has been used for data and information gathering, while reviewing researches which have done formerly in the field of passive defense, describes passive defense from the viewpoint of the experts and evaluates the optimal forms and volumetric compounds in the terms of sustainability against the explosion wave. This research is looking for suitable forms as one of the architectural approaches to deal with this kind of threat, which ultimately leads to requirements and considerations for architectural design of the hospitals from the viewpoint of passive defense.

Neighborhood units are the spatio- physical incarnation of human interactions and relations as there is an amalgam of living in a residential area and social needs to communicate with other people. The most deficiency occurred in the neighborhoods is the lack of direct and deep interactions as people have been distanced from their previously valorized social contexts known by the conviviality and warm-heartedness between individuals. Today it has become very important to strengthen the human links between people residing in urban neighborhoods. Among all considerations must be taken in the rearrangement of public spaces, the social content has an utmost importance. It includes some humanistic spatial qualities, namely the “Sociability”. Many different factors have an impact on the emergence and the reinforcement of sociability; “Space conviviality” is one of these factors which itself has a series of indicators. This paper has explored the quality of sociability in the JahanAra District in Shiraz with an emphasis on space conviviality. ‘Jahan Ara’ District could be identified as a contemporary neighborhood unit woven around a local street dominated by residential use in the new urban fabric of Shiraz gradually built during the 1980s. As such the indicators of sociability and space conviviality have been listed out of the literature and afterwards the state of these indicators has been examined by field study and filling questioners. Finally, the gathered data have been analyzed to get the output result. The results of this research show that the quality of space conviviality is quite disappointing in the area and it’s needed to improve the environmental qualities and make a redesign of public spaces to ameliorate the sociability of the neighborhood.