نشریه پژوهش های معماری و محیط
سال دوم شماره 1 (پیاپی 3، بهار و تابستان 1398)

One of the most striking monuments in Iran for a long span of time has been the tomb. The tomb is a method to remind the memory of religious leaders, authorities, scholars, poets and so on. Received another function more than burial capability, these monuments, have regarded as blatant elements in architecture. Presently, to design the tomb is an important issue which needs to be analyzed more comprehensively; specially, due to the absence of apt knowledge about these essential tenets about construction of such a monument. The main goal of this article is to review the pertinent theoretical frameworks which is related to the tombs and to expatiate their characteristics from geographical and historical point of view. The result of such a research will be a body of tenets related to design of the tombs which is going to be implemented in re-designing Saedi's tomb in Shiraz. Theoretical framework of the article includes: the definition of tomb, their principles, cultures and ceremonies of visiting these places, and the history of burial demeanors in regard to these monuments. Its methodology, is in relationship with typology of meanings, typology of functions, and typology of physical aspects of these tombs.Expanse of Iran offers different type of tomb architecture, which is deeply dependent on its its historical and cultural context. In each historical period, burial and mausoleum have taken in the light of the common beliefs and traditions among the people of that era which created its own special features. The climatic, geographical and morphological features of a region also have a significant effect on the spatial form of the tomb. Affected from the personality which the tomb is for, these typologies are analyzed and considered. in other words, Saedi's personal, social, historical, and scholar attributes can impose an favorable effect on his tomb monument which should be apposite with his personality and magnum opus and with the temporal features of his life (Ilkhani era) and geographical aspects of his living site (Shiraz). Our methodology is based on qualitative research methods which is both descriptive and analytic. In descriptive part we explore the written materials and in analytic session by taking advantage of fields-studies and observations we have analyzed the main idea. Accordingly, the upcoming results of such a research can be useful for researchers and designers in searching the design process and principles for designing tombs.

The present study evaluates and optimizes daylight and energy performance of residential buildings in the cold climate of Hamedan. For this purpose, the common pattern of residential buildings in Hamadan city, which has 5-storey residential apartments with eastern and western neighborhoods and as a result of lighting on the north and south, was selected as the base model and annual energy consumption and utilization of natural light were considered as the objective functions. After examining the methods used and the various metrics of daylight and energy performance evaluation, annual energy consumption per unit area (EUI) to evaluate the amount of energy consumed, and daylight illumination (UDI) for assessing the utilization of natural light were selected to find optimum solutions for the design of the main envelope of residential buildings. Then, various components of the envelope of residential buildings were identified; following that the sensitivity analysis was performed using Morris screening method in order to rank the key variables affecting the objective functions. Further, parametric studies on output variables and optimization of solutions were considered using genetic algorithm. Thus, Based on the interaction between the simulation software and the multi-objective optimization method, a number of Pareto optimal solutions were produced that through comparing them with consideration of both aspects of energy and daylight, optimal design was selected. The results show that through Pareto optimization in selected patterns, 17.44% and 23.72% of the EUI metrics and 17.61% and 21.1% of the UDI metrics can be improved. Accordingly, the design of the building envelope in this way can greatly reduce energy consumption and, at the same time, increase the efficiency of natural light.

Achieving a deeper understanding of the concept of accessibility requires the study of its features related to the place that people experience. A constant experience of a place that accessibility provides its context has a fundamental role in improving the sense of place and the place attachment. Accessibility acts as a mediator that establishes relations between the visitor and Japanese garden on various scales, both physically and mentally. In other words, accessibility is an inseparable part of the architecture in the Japanese garden that helps visitors to understand the dimensions of place better. Therefore, understanding the concept of accessibility and identifying its components on the one hand and considering the dimensions of place attachment on the other hand in the Japanese garden are useful in developing the architects' understanding of accessibility-place based design. This article tries to examine the relationship between accessibility and place in Japanese gardens architecture by proposing the following hypotheses. a. Accessibility is a fundamental factor in experiencing and discovering the place in a Japanese garden, and b. Accessibility as an intermediate agent between the human and the place has a key role in understanding the various dimensions of place and deepening of place scales for visitors. In this regard, through the descriptive-analytical method, first, the different aspects of accessibility in recent studies are examined, then the nature of accessibility is discussed. Finally, this study shows "Vista", "Pathway edges quality", and "approaching" are the main components of accessibility in a Japanese garden. These three components provide a context to hide and reveal the garden's scenes to visitors and through the constant interaction between people and place, give them a deeper sense of place that integrates the concept of accessibility and place in their mind.

one way to study the historical development of architectural styles from a structuralist perspective is to study the theories that have explored this category in relation to living structures. These theories, since they are based on the assumption that the inherent quality of living structures are positively influenced by human perceptions, provide a good basis for such studies. In this case, it is possible to examine the history of architectural structures within the framework of their adaptability to concepts such as immortality, vitality and the fulfillment of human expectations of architecture. Also suitable conditions for stylistics and examination of the evolution of styles are provided without regard to all factors affecting the architecture except its structure. The theory of the characteristics of living structures by Salingros (2006) is one of these theories that, based on comparative studies, extends the thermodynamic rules governing natural structures to architectural structures. Therefore, the purpose of the present study is to investigate the evolution of Iranian architectural styles based on Salingrus theory in order to present the evolutionary history of the building from this point of view of the life of the building. For this purpose, samples selected from the list of important Iranian architectures, listed in the UNESCO World Heritage List and Iranian Cultural Heritage list and based on the views of artistic representatives suitable for Iranian architecture. Therefore, with a structuralist approach and by means of a comparative method, these samples were structured and based on the data obtained, their course of change and development took place within a given time. Study of this shows that Iranian architectural styles in the Khorasani, Razi, and Tehranian styles in the post-Islamic period have been declining in terms of life structure and development compared to other styles. It seems that this decline is mainly due to simplification in the design of structures, and its rate is lower than that of the modern architectural era in the course of west architectural development.

The present article aims to monitor the level of women's security in urban parks first and then identify the parameters affecting women's sense of security and its priorities. The research methodology is quantitative one and its method is a descriptive-analytic study with a specific application of environmental design approach (CPTED), among 400 women from the age 15 to 65 years in Bojnord, according to the cluster sampling method, a proportional and random systematic classification has been made. The results of the study, by verifying and validating the 360 questionnaires, showed that among all the indicators for the CPTED approach, only the social activity support indicator has no role in women's security. But readability, oversight and public perception of space among other indicators of lighting, maintenance management, isolation and population density, signs and overall design of space, which confirmed their significant relationship with women's sense of security, had the highest impact on Women's feelings of security. The isolation and population density also have an inverse relationship with the sense of security. Hence, the sense of women's security can be seen as the result of management and overall design of space that should not be neglected in the policies and urban development process; In other words, if women's presence in some of the city's public spaces is low, this is the result of management structures and its semantic systems in particular regarding the role of women in the development of the city and the physical formulation of it and, therefore, inducing low security feeling for them in these spaces

Persian garden has created with the evolution of civilization in this region simultaneously, over the centuries according to cultural and civil evolution of Iranians, it has reached to stability in architectural order and physical aspect, and it has recognized as a symbol and paradigm in Iranian landscape design. There are different factors that have effected to create this historical phenomenon, and without doubt, environmental sustainability is one of them. The aim of this paper is studying on the parameters of environmental sustainability in landscape design of Persian garden in hot and arid regions, and Doalatabad garden as a valuable example of Persian garden in arid city of Yazd studied as a selected case study, in order to possible to get precise research and field study on it. Thus, this research describes and analyzes the effect of parameters of sustainable landscape in hot and region, and analyzes the effects of these factors on the main elements of Dolatabad garden which includes natural elements (water, vegetation), and built elements (pavilion) with comparative study.The methodology of this research is descriptive-analytical based on grounded theory with the data analysis of Dolatabad garden as a selected case study, and data collection of chosen sample and analyzing it based on library research and field studies. The results of the study on parameters of environmental sustainability in Dolatabad garden demonstrate that the characteristics of environmental sustainability are the main effective factor in physical models and principles, spatial organization and composition of elements of Dolatabad Garden of Yazd.