نشریه جستارهای تاریخی
سال سیزدهم شماره 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1401)

  The Poshtkouh region was considered a strategic area in the western boundaries of Iran, and the Feyli governors who had ruled Pishkouh and Poshtkouh in Lorestan as local governors since the Safavid Dynasty were selected by the central government to rule the region. The present study aimed to investigate the following question: what were the changes occurring on the western boundaries of Iran in Poshtkouh during the Qajar era?The study employed a descriptive-analytical methodology by relying on historical documents and maps and library resources, and the findings showed that the Poshtkouh region in the western boundaries of Iran witnessed relative changes in the Qajar Era due to the presence of strategic areas like the Seifi and Malkhatavi lands, border rivers like Konjancham, Gavi, and Changouleh, the Baghsaei region, and the salt mines of Poshtkouh. In this period, the Poshtkouh region did not suffer changes due to the military strength of its governors and the effective presence of the Tribes and clans of the region, and its geographical domain included parts of the Jassan, Badra, Zurbatiyah, and Tursaq in the Ottoman land.

The settlement of Christian and Jewish religious minorities in Kurdistan, as well as the necessity of missionary activities among the Kurds and efforts to promote Christianity among them, made the missionary associations pay a special attention to Kurdish areas from the very beginning. Mukri province, located in the city of Savojbalag (the present Mahabad), one of the Kurdish-inhabited provinces of Iran, located in the south of Lake Urmia, was one of the areas that was the focus of various missionary groups during the Qajar era. The American Lutheran Christian Mission known as the "Kurdistan Mission" was one of the most active missionary groups that started extensive activities in the city of Savojblag during the Qajar and early Pahlavi periods. The current study aims to provide an answer in a descriptive-analytical way to this question: What actions and for what purpose did the Kurdistan Mission carry out in Savojbalag during its different periods of activity and what was the reaction of the residents towards their presence and activities? The findings of this study show that the city of Savojblag because of its border situation, commercial location and the residence of religious minorities and foreigners there was very important for the American missionaries, and during the three periods of their presence in that city, they carried out cultural, medical and service activities in that city in order to pave the way for their missionary activities.

The Parthian Empire (247BC-224AD) consisted of independent and semi-independent satrapies and principalities that ruled under the command of the king. The Seleucid government tried to achieve independence, but with the rise of the Parthians, by joining them, this state became a military center against the invasion of foreigners. This article is an attempt to The answer to the question that what effect did this land have on the political developments of the Parthian era from the beginning of the Parthian rule (247 BC) to the end of Farhad IV's reign (39-2/3 BC)? Against the Seleucids, by joining the movement of the Parthians, they were able to prepare the ground for the decline of the Seleucids from Iran. The first Parthian kings, who were aware of the importance of Media to protect the western borders from the attacks of foreigners, tried to consolidate their rule over it. However, This region became a crisis for them during the period of weakness of the Parthian kingdom system and in the succession struggles. The Parthian princes tried to regain their independence in order to reach the kingdom, but the separatist tendencies of Media can be considered related to the political conditions and the authority of the Parthian princes.

Akhundov is one of the first Iranian intellectuals who, despite his traditional education in Iran, under the influence of the intellectual atmosphere of the Caucasus, realized Iran's backwardness and tried to find the roots of Iran's inequality with the Western world. However, he hastily and unresearched discussions. One of the topics he focused on was the reflection on Iran's history and historical past, which he divided into two parts: the ancient golden period and the violent Islamic age. He considered the attack of Muslim Arabs on Iran as one of the causes of these inequalities. Therefore, he took a harsh critical approach towards the Islamic era and unresearchedly put the Samani and Ilkhani regimes in the same row. According to this approach, the main issue of this article what is Akhundzadeh's attitude towards Safavid and how he evaluated and analyzed it. Using a descriptive-analytical method, the author comes to the conclusion that Akhundov emphasizes two special issues: first, superstitions, and secondly, the beginning of a new era in the West and the Iranians' confrontation with it. With these two approaches, Safavid history has gained special importance for him. So that in two dedicated articles "Deceptive Stars (Youssef Shah)" and "Criticism of Soroush Esfahani's Poems and Ancestors" he has discussed the history of the Safavid dynasty, their thoughts and government. Compared to other post-Islamic dynasties, he has made many more criticisms of the Safavid dynasty. As far as most of his criticisms of the Islamic period are implicitly directed at Safavid.

The middle Islamic period of Iran’s history witnessed a great deal of heretical religious ideas and subsequently, the advent of many false claimers of divinity, prophecy, Imamat, and Mahdism. They employed a variety of propagandist strategies in order to look believable in the eyes of the people, to be accepted in the mainstream society, to attract public support, and to react to the challenges posed by the detractors. Adopting descriptive-analytical method, this study tries to find out the propagandist strategies used by the false claimers in the middle centuries of Iran’s history. The results of the study show that the false claimers attempted to look similar to prophets and imams and in this way, claimed spiritual miracles, communication with the metaphysical world, and receiving inspirations from the unseen world. They also claimed closeness to Sophism and their austere lifestyle, used a fake lineage, provided a dark picture of the past and a promising picture of the future, employed magic, and wore masks to fulfill their aims. All these deceptive propagandist strategies were adopted to convince public opinion, provide a mystical halo around the false claimers, and ultimately to serve their needs and ambitions.

The city of Baku became the main center outbreak of cholera in the Caucasus region on June 6, 1892, due to an extensive rail network, a modern shipping line, and a large population of migrant workers. With fleeing 75% of the infected and frightened people of Baku via the rail network, shipping lanes and carriages, the entire Caucasus region quickly contracted a deadly cholera epidemic. The main aim of this research, which is done by analytical-descriptive method, and conducted via library resources, is to answer the important question of what was the role of the government in the catastrophic outbreak of the cholera epidemic of 1892 in the Caucasus region. With fleeing 75% of the infected and frightened people of Baku via the rail network, shipping lanes and carriages, the entire Caucasus region quickly contracted a deadly cholera epidemicAnalysis of the evidences indicates that the government did not take effective action to prevent and control cholera in the Caucasus region, especially in the city of Baku, which led to the rapid spread of the disease and the death of many people in this region and compared to the European part of the Russian Empire, it had a very high relative intensity.

Kings have had different funs in most historical periods, but one of the common funs is hunting. Different dynasties ruling of Iran have always paid special attention to hunting and the Qajar period is one of the most prominent of these periods, especially in the Nasserite era, Nasser al-Din Shah, princes and even ordinary people were very interested in hunting and therefore engaged in hunting every day. In the present study, attempt will be made to by descriptive-analytical method and by using travelogues, memoirs and documents, answer the question that what were the factors affecting hunting, hunting functions and hunting goals in the Nasserite era? The findings of the study indicate that the climate, sanctuaries, abundance of hunting grounds, physical strength of people, unfounded beliefs, variety of hunting tools and admirable behavior, have been effective factors in the hunting method in this period. Hunting during the Qajar period, especially during the Nasserite era, was carried out in two forms, free and enclosed. In free hunting, the king and everyone else were allowed to hunt, but enclosed hunting was often reserved for the king. Although the king and courtiers' first motivation of hunting was entertainment, in fact also followed other purposes such as skill training, providing food from hunting meat, strengthening foreign relations by sending hunted animals as disgrace, satisfying the sense of warfare and power, and averting possible dangers.

In the nineteenth century, the process of globalization with international trade which created by the colonial powers reached a point that directly affected the economic relations of different states. For this reason, due to the imbalance of trade, the economy could have witnessed a collapse. As a result, because the Iranian climate is suitable for poppy cultivation and the demand for this product was significant outside Iran, especially in China, large-scale opium trade began. On the other hand, Japan expanded its territory in the main body of Asia, as a result of which Japan also entered the path of Iranian trade. With that being said, several questions arise: what internal factors led to the widespread cultivation of poppies in Iran, through which centers did Iran export opium to Japan, how did Japan enter the opium trade, and why did the trade survive? The nineteenth century approach and historical method have been chosen to find the answer because international trade is one of its common topics. It is concluded that Iran's agricultural economy, the pressure of social structure and the negative balance of Iran's trade due to the decline in silk production, encouraged the people and government of Iran to massively produce opium. The trade began in Isfahan and after passing through Yazd and Shiraz reached the southern ports, from where it went to the ports of India and then China to finally enter Taiwan under Japanese rule. Of course, this trade did not change because there was no change in

The years of the 19th century are considered very important in terms of the dominance of the western colonial powers over some Islamic lands and the subsequent efforts of the religious scholars and political leaders of those countries in dealing with the new phenomenon of colonization and westernization of the masses. In Greater India, this role and influence is due to several reasons. The emergence of three schools of intellectual revival of Islam, namely Deoband, Aligarh and Nadwa Ulama in this century and the anti-colonial positions of each, which gradually led to the fall of the old British colonialism in that system, is worthy of attention and has been the motivation for future research. In this article, first of all, the background and context of the presence and continuation of the establishment of colonialism in India is discussed, then the three schools of religious revivalism in India in the 19th century are introduced in the historical order of their establishment, prevalence and activity, and the anti-colonial policies and measures of each are discussed separately. It is described and analyzed.

This study has been done by investigating 92 issues from eight titles of printed publications in Lorestan during the years 1330-1334. The purpose of this study is to review and evaluate the approach of these publications to reform and development in the province during these years. The main question of this research is that “what approach did Lorestan publications have to development in various economic, political, social and cultural fields?” In their view, what are the obstacles to the province's underdevelopment and what strategies have they offered to solve Lorestan's backwardness? Attempts are made to extract the characteristics and concepts related to development in these four sections from the titles and content of articles and materials contained in these publications and to analyze and evaluate them more than just quantifying them. The findings show that due to the coincidence of their publication with the 17th National Assembly elections and the relative freedom during the time of Dr. Mossadegh working as Prime Minister, issues related to political development have become more frequent in these publications. The authors of these articles have had a realistic approach to the problems and obstacles of the province's underdevelopment. While emphasizing culture as the most fundamental basis for reform and development, they have made investment and modernization in this sector conditional on solving the economic problems of the society. Paying attention to local capacities and promoting a culture of public participation to solve social and economic problems is one of the solutions considered by these publications.

The position of "Sheikh al-Islam" was used for the first time at the end of the fourth century of Hijri in Khorasan. In the following periods, this position was continued, but the height of its fame and authority was during the Safavid period, when it had the highest religious position. In addition to the government center, there was a counterpart of "Sheikh al-Islam" as the highest religious authority in other important cities. Although this post lost its former importance and status during the Zandiya and Afshariya periods, but with the rise of the Qajar dynasty, it became important again and played an important role in the government and society. "The role and position of Sheikh al-Islam in the structure of the Qajar government as well as its position and function in society" is considered as the ambiguity and problem of this research. The upcoming research aims to answer the question of the researcher with a descriptive-explanatory method and using unpublished documents such as decrees, envelopes, etc. The topic of this research is one of the new and original topics that have been less discussed so far and an attempt has been made to get a direct and immediate knowledge of the title and position of Shaykh al-Islami, which was one of the defining positions not so long ago, by using documents. In the social and religious hierarchy of Iran, it was considered to be given.

The era of the Mongols and then Timur is one of the most influential periods in the history of Iran, which brought about changes. At this time, we are witnessing many changes in various political, cultural, social and economic fields. One of the areas that underwent changes was the manners of receiving ambassadors. The Mongols had their own customs in the field of receiving ambassadors, which they were strictly committed to implementing, even during their Muslim days, they abandoned only a part of the principles that were against the laws of Islam. These principles were continued in some periods of the Timurid era, and in others we witness a transformation.In this period, despite the aggressive nature of the Mongols and Timur, they were not oblivious to the functions of the ambassador exchange, and the ambassador exchange was done with various purposes during this period. The answer to this question is what obstacles and problems did the ambassadors face according to the goals they had in their mission and what consequences did these obstacles and problems have?