نشریه پژوهش های زبان شناسی: نظریه و کاربرد
سال دوم شماره 1 (پیاپی 3، پاییز و زمستان 1402)

In this article, the authors try to investigate the effect of phonological awareness on the mathematics of second grade female students. Phonological awareness is one of the basic skills that begins to form in the early years of language development and brings success in reading and writing in later years. According to the results of the researches conducted in this field, it seems that there is a relationship between phonological awareness skills and mathematical learning. In order to investigate this issue, the statistical population was selected from the second grade female students of Quchan city.One group was chosen as the control group that was not exposed to the phonological awareness training and continued the usual training process and the other group was chosen as the experimental group that was exposed to the phonological awareness training). For both groups pre-tests and post-tests were performed . The results show that phonological awareness has a significant effect on the math performance of second-grade female students, which is in line with the researches conducted in this field.

Discourse systems are considered important topics in semiotic. These systems play an important role in defining the type of relationships between people and the formation of the power system. The current research has chosen the twenty-third story of the first chapter of Golestan, which was the place of showing the relationship between the powerful and their subordinates, as the subject of investigation. In the first stage, the researcher seeks to identify the discourse systems and factors in this story and finally the role of these factors in the formation of a certain style of life. Since the semiotic values play a role in creating meaning and defining discourse factors, they are also discussed in this research. The results of the present research show that in this story, the actionional regime of discourse is complex and although according to the current situation, it is expected to observe tensive and stative regimes of discourse, but this does not happen. Finally, it became clear that Saadi tried to introduce a new lifestyle in this story by using the solution of changing discourse factors and changing values. An approach of semiotics proposed by Julien Algirdas Grems under the title of Paris school has been used in the analysis of this story. This research was done with a library method and descriptive-analytical method.

Forensic linguistics as a branch of applied linguistics has taken place in the analysis of court discourse in the world, and newly, in the Iranian court contexts. This discipline has helped the legal language to analyze discoursal elements among the court participants. This is a mixed-methods research through which qualitative and quantitative analyses have been followed. The research was to discover pragmatic aspects of court discourse. One of these aspects was the spoken style markers (McMenamin, 2004) used by judges and defendants in Iranian criminal courts. Data were analyzed through descriptive (i.e., frequency, means, and percentages) and inferential statistics (i.e., Chi-square, X2) to compare judges' and defendants' conversations. Analysis of the “spoken style” variable showed that defendants' and judges' spoken styles differed significantly. The judges use the “use of formal spoken style” discourse markers more than the defendants. In sum, results revealed that judges and defendants used each discourse marker differently to play a role in strengthening or weakening speakers' power. Implications of the study suggest several guidelines for training judges in pre-service and in-service courses that provide them with linguistic and discoursal knowledge of how to use language pragmatically and practically to smooth the court processes.

In this paper attempt is made to shed light on the conceptualization of ehterām (‘respect’, ‘deference’) as a cultural keyword in a corpus of written Persian, using ethnography of communication. 717 tokens of the uses of ehterām and its cognates mohtaram (respected), mohtaramāneh (‘respectably’, ‘respectfully’), and hormat (roughly ‘reverence’) were extracted from the Persian Linguistic Data-base corpus and were semantically and pragmatically analyzed in their respective contexts. Findings indicate that ehterām and its cognates are primarily employed in relation to the 9 contexts of power, manners, qualifications, subjugation and submission, age, hospitality, caring, wealth and beauty. Drawing on research on social stratification, it is argued that the concept that unites all these contexts and concepts is sha’n or social status, in the sense of a person’s position in the social hierarchy. Furthermore, it is suggested that the concept of hormat is less dependent on the situational context and is a form of respect that is paid primarily to the position occupied by an individual according to the culturally defined system of values. Hormat is a special form of ehterām in the Iranian culture based on the culturally defined intrinsic or absolute status of categories and individuals. Keywords: ethnography of communication, corpus-based pragmatics, respect, deference, social status, Persian culture

Each and every poet or writer, uses a certain method to express what they have in mind which varies from that of any other poet or writer. Also, male and female writers, each in their own particular way, have been under the influence of the social factors of their own era, their behavioral traits and beliefs, qualities which led to a special style of their own. In this study an attempt has been undertaken to answer the following question: Do female writers possess a different and particular style in their writing or not? To answer to this question, an analysis on five stories by Qazal Alizade, added to five stories by Mostafa Mastur has been done based on Sarah Mills' theoretical framework. Based on the outcomes of this study, a conclusion must be reached that as a female writer, Qazal Alizade, exhibits a feminine style by using a high frequency of words related to the female domain, more tendency to apply emotional figures, more use of ambiguous figures, a tendency for writing with a simple style and also an inclination for breaking the grammatical structures and incomplete sentences, shows a feminine style. Contrary to that, although Mastur has focused on the condition of women, his style cannot be counted as that of feminine. Hence, this research confirms that feminist style and linguistic characteristics of this style in women writers are meaningfully obvious and differ from male writers.

The present study aims to investigate the performance of Persian deaf individuals in using nonverbal inflectional and derivational processes. Drawing upon the assumption that different components of language are not impaired to the same extent as a result of missing a critical period, the morphological knowledge of participants in the three categories of noun, adjectives, and adverbs were examined using multiple choice questions. Participants were ten deaf students aged 15-20 and a matched number of hearing students of similar age. While error scores indicated a significant gap between deaf and hearing group, a within group analysis indicated a significant difference between inflectional and derivational processes within the deaf group who were significantly worse on tasks related to inflectional processes. It is also concluded that the deaf students, due to missing the critical years of language acquisition are less skilled at using both inflectional and derivational morphology as compared to their hearing peers.

Ecolinguistics is a contemporary interdisciplinary field that focuses on studying and examining the relationship between language and the environment. The connection between language and the environment is based on how humans interact with the natural world, shaped by perspectives, concepts, and worldviews, all of which are articulated through language. In this research, using a descriptive-analytical approach, we examine the influence of Ali Ashraf Darvishian (1320-1396 AH) in ecolinguistics and its reflection in his selected works (“Abshooran” and “The Sound of My Father’s Music”). Darvishian was born into a less-privileged family on the outskirts of Kermanshah, Abshooran. Consequently, he witnessed widespread poverty from an early age, which greatly affected his family. The harsh nature and surrounding environment made life even more difficult for this segment of the population. The mutual relationship between nature and the lives of the lower class significantly influenced Darvishian, as demonstrated in this study through categories such as “highlighting,” “identity,” “erasure,” “patterns and shaping,” and “realism.” The interpretation of these aspects indicates that the ecosystem plays a significant role in shaping the reality and perception, naming, ideology, and authority over the lower class. These stories provide a realistic representation of the lives of individuals who had a deep understanding of the role of nature in their lives and their inner selves.

The main purpose of current study, which is conducted through a descriptive-analytic method, is representation of belief and epistemic sub-world in Emam Ali’s khotbe-ye- 108(108th Peech) Based on Paul Werth’s Text worlds theory. It consider text in three dimensions; Text worlds, Discourse worlds, Sub-worlds. Author and reader intract In Text worlds through of text. Discourse worlds deal with situation and sub-worlds determine producer’s believes and approachs. Sub-worlds be devided to Diectic sub-worlds, Attitudinal sub-worlds and Epistemic sub-worlds. Current study want to answer these questions:Which kind of text use in this text, which Sub- worlds is predominate in text, how does is combined together three worlds. Achievements demonstrate usage of descriptive- discoursive and Instructive text that are suitable for interaction in ceremony. All of sub-worlds has used in speech, but Epistemic sub-worlds are outstanding. They are represented by a metaphoric system through of Incrementation. Incrementation reveal main Mapping in which relationship between the government and the people is encounter Emam and people’s one. Government-people’s relationship is represented by a binary oppositions; Wolf-sheep and Emam- people’s frindship is showed by doctor- sick’s one.

Creating meaning is not something that happens in a vacuum, but the speakers of different languages always communicate with their audience by creating meaning and encoding the words of the language, and the audience decodes them based on the meaning they receive from the words. By examining the Kurdish language codes used in the TV series "Nun.Kh", the authors intend to represent the Kurds by using the opinions of the users of virtual spaces from the perspective of the main actor of the series named Nuruddin Khanzadeh, who pretends to be a Kurdish speaker. He speaks with a Kurdish Farsi accent, and his family who speak Kermanshahi Farsi will show how the image of the Kurds is shown in this series. The data was collected from the opinions of users in the virtual space and analyzed from the perspective of cultural semiotics. The findings showed that the language of the main actor of this series and his family was not a real representation of the language of the Kurdish people, but fake dialects used by the actors of the series. Also, in the representation of clothing, proper design of Kurdish clothing is not presented, and the decency of a Kurdish woman, who is portrayed as a rough and masculine person, is not well represented.

Cultural linguistics examines the relationship between language and culture and their mutual influence. In this perspective, language is a subset of culture that reflects various characteristics of culture. One of the tools that cultural linguistics has used to achieve its goal is conceptual metaphors, because conceptual metaphors are not created by chance, but are based on mutual and sustainable actions with culture, the present study focuses on the conceptualization of "life "In the Qur'an, he focused on the common economic types among the people of the descent era, in order to study the reflection of the common types in the conceptualization of "life" in all the verses of the Qur'an. The studies conducted indicate that among the common types of economy, the type of "trade" is used with a higher frequency than other types in the metaphorical conceptualization of "life" and then we witness the conceptualization of "life" through economic types. We are farmers, ranchers, hunters, looters, and artisans. The data shows that the Qur'an has used common patterns in culture to conceptualize and produce metaphors in the field of "life" and after getting close to the audience's thoughts by producing conceptual metaphors and applying them in new relationships to create new patterns and convey the divine worldview in the field "Life" pays. The metaphors used in this field not only reflect the existing cultural patterns but also produce new patterns

The present research aims at identification and typology of clitics in Vafsi based on Aikhenvald’s (2003) parameters. This study is analytical and library-based as the Vafsi examples in this study are mostly from Vafsi corpus gathered by Stilo (2004b) in form of 24 Vafsi folk tales and also from his other works on Vafsi (Stilo, 2004a, 2010). In other cases, Bögel et al. (2018) and Yousefi (2021) along with native speakers are consulted. The results of this study show that, first, compared to Zwicky and Pullum’s (1983) and Sadock’s (1991) criteria in classification of clitics, Aikhenvald’s (2003) parameters set, not only is inclusive of all the criteria belonging to two other classifications, but also, contrary to the binary approach of them, it has the advantage of investigating clitics on a multi-dimensional continuum of features from a completely bound morpheme to a completely free one. Next, based on Aikhenvald’s (2003) parameters set, it has been shown that Vafsi has eight types of clitics, which only the characteristics of the eighth type, i. e. Vafsi oblique PAMs, are affected by phonological-prosodic factors. In the end, based of indelibility and locality features of agreement markers, it has been shown that Vafsi oblique PAMs are in fact inflectional affixes, so they cannot be considered as clitics.

The aim of this quantative-qualitative research is to analyze the selected sonnets composed by two Elizabethan sonneteers, Sir Philip Sydney and Edmund Spenser, based on Van Leeuwen’s Critical Discourse Analysis model in order to reconstruct the underlying discourse through which the social actors are represented. To this end, 16 sonnets (224 lines) have been critically analyzed using Van Leeuwen’s (2008) socio-semantic model of categories such as inclusion, exclusion; personalization; somatization, abstraction; overdetermination, activation, passivation, association, instumentalization, objectivation, backgrounding, anachronism, possessivation, and appraisement and Halliday & Matthiessen’s (2004) transitivity model (Material process, Mental process Verbal process, Relational process and Behavioral process). The results of the analysis indicate an identical pattern of representation in all of the sonnets: while the masculine social actors are legitimized as the central voice, the female social actors are marginalized and unvoiced. This proves that there are ideological implications in the representation of the social actors in the sonnets. In conclusion, it is finally argued that the mentioned pattern of representation provides an image of power relations in the Elizabethan era in which the social actors are empowered or disempowered according to their gender.