International Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain prevention
Volume:8 Issue: 4, Autumn 2023

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease where the immune system attacks the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and causes damage over time [1]. There are 28 million people who have MS, and the number of people with the disease has been increasing since 2013 [2]. In Iran, the rate of MS is highest in Tehran and lowest in Khuzestan and Sistan Baluchestan provinces [3]. The prevalence of pain in multiple sclerosis patients is raging between 29% and 86% [4]. Moreover, the Prevalence of depression in MS is 24% to 50% [5] . Pain in multiple sclerosis (MS) has been linked to different factors like person's social and economic situation, their chronic disease, and mental health conditions [6]. Pain and depression are prevalent in newly diagnosed MS [7]. In particular, pain has been related to higher disability, depression, and fatigue [1]. According to a study, pain in MS is associated with more severe symptoms of anxiety and depression and worse quality of life [8]. It has been showed in a cohort study that different types of pain were closely connected to fatigue, depression, and disability. This connection became even stronger after 4 years compared to the starting point [9]. All two symptoms (depression, and pain) have been linked to dysfunction of monoaminergic euro transmission in the central nervous system (CNS) inflammation [10]. Therefore, in MS patients, the simultaneous presence of pain and depression can help the initial diagnosis of MS. Because pain and depression are both very difficult to deal with, it is not surprising that people with multiple sclerosis who have both pain and depression, experience a combined negative effect on their mental health and overall their quality of life. Therefore, improving MS patients can be earned through routine screenings of these symptoms, and also by expanding studies in the field of prevention and early interventional programs during this sensitive period after diagnosis that may be resulted in enhancing quality of life of patients.

Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders (WMSDs), particularly Chronic Low Back Pain (CLBP), are a growing public health concern among office workers due to sedentary work styles. This study will aim to investigate the prevalence and risk factors of WMSDs among office workers in Khoi, Iran.

Method and Materials: 

A descriptive study will be conducted with a convenience sample of 100 office workers at Health Centers in Khoi, Iran. Data will be collected through a selfadministered questionnaire on demographics characteristics, work-related factors of musculoskeletal disorders and musculoskeletal symptoms and finally will be analyzed through SPSS.

This study will provide a positional approach in order to be able to determine the situation of WMSDs and related factors among office workers in Khoi, Iran. Additionally, based of these data, the researchers could design proper interventional preventive program to improving their WMSDs and reducing related among office workers.

The leading cause of disability, Chronic Low Back Pain (CLBP) severely impacts a person's quality of life. It creates numerous challenges for clinicians to treat, where Scramble Therapy (ST), is effective and safe for the treatment of CLBP.

A 51-year-old male patient (height 165 cm, weight 71 kg, BMI of 25.3 kg/m2, and a waist-to-hip ratio of 0.98), with >5 years of CLBP were underwent scrambler therapy. The Visual Analog Scale (VAS), the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), and the modified Schobert test were used to assess the degree of pain, functional impairment, and lumbar range of motion. Following ten sessions of treatment, the Oswestry Disability Index reduced from 50% to 12%, the VAS score went from 7.5 cm to 1.5 cm, and the lumbar range of motion improved (flexion 45mm to 68 mm and extension 21 mm to 32 mm).

In CLBP patients, the ST treatment is successful in reducing the intensity of chronic pain, lowering functional impairment, and improving the lumber range of motion.

The expansion of the female population in the society and the high prevalence of Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) is a significant issue because these disorders directly affect the quality of life and lead to a inability and also an increase in individual and social costs. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of explaining the predictors related to MSDs in women who are housewives.

Method and Materials: 

The present qualitative study was conducted among the housewives of Akbar Abad city in Fars province of Iran. This study was conducted in 2020 using the method of conventional content analysis and using the purposeful sampling method in a semi-structured way. Informed consent was obtained from the participants. The inclusion criteria included married women who were housewives and had musculoskeletal pain in one or more areas of their body.

After analyzing the results, the predictors of pain inhibition and expression were extracted in three main categories, including personality and cognitive characteristics, cultural factors, and the individual's living conditions.

These results showed that the women who had more confident, skills, and expectation beliefs were more likely to do proper back behavior. In this regard, MSDs prevention interventions should address using key individually cognitive factors that consider the potential change strategies.

Knee osteoarthritis (KO) is one of the most common Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) that causes severe pain, decreased function and range of motion, reduced income,decreased social interaction, and ultimately the quality of life in patients. As many studies indicated that KO is common among women, this study aimed to assess the risk factors of Knee osteoarthritis in women Between 40 and 55 years.

Method and Materials:

 In this descriptive-analytical study, 198 were selected randomly, of whom based on inclusion criteria, 100 participants were eligible and included in the study. To obtain the level of protection behaviors a 38-item self-design checklist was used. Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC) and visual analog scale (VAS) were used to measure knee pain severity and knee functions. Moreover, a selfefficacy questionnaire and a muscle strength questionnaire were used. The obtained data were analyzed through the analytical tests by using SPSS version 24 and.

This study showed there is a significant relationship between knee osteoarthritis and various factors such as age, body mass index, educational status, other diseases (blood pressure and diabetes), muscle strength, daily housewives performance, knee-protective behaviors, self-efficacy in the field of knee-protective behaviors (P <0.05 in all instances).

As this study indicated the majority of the risk factors associated with knee pain due to osteoarthritis can be controlled, so providing educational - training programs for women to reduce knee osteoarthritis is strongly recommended.

Back pain is one of the most important public health problems. It is on rise among adolescent and pupils’ population. The aim of this study was to assess the relationshipbetween cognitive factors (skills, knowledge, self-efficacy, and expectation beliefs) and back care behavior among pupils.

Method and Materials:

 A cross sectional study was conducted on a random sample of students attending public elementary schools in Tehran, Iran from October 2018 to March 2019. They completed a questionnaire containing items on cognitive abilities and a checklist to assess their skills on back care behaviors. Stepwise multiple regression analysis was performed to find out the contribution of cognitive factors on outcome.

In all, 204 students were entered into the study. The results revealed that 95.3% of the variance in the back behavior was explained by self-efficacy (β=0.586, t=12.08, P<0.001), expectation beliefs (β=0.232, t= 5.08, P<0.001), and skills (β=0.181, t=4.46, P<0.001).

These results showed that the pupils who had more confident, skills, and expectation beliefs were more likely to do proper back behavior. In this regard, schoolbased back pain prevention interventions should be addressed using key cognitive factors that consider the potential change strategies.