نشریه جستارهای تاریخی
سال چهاردهم شماره 1 (بهار و تابستان 1402)

In the period after the Islamic Revolution of 1979, clerics were present in the form of an influential movement in all political, social and cultural fields. In addition, in theoretical areas, including in the field of historiography, they were also brought up as an active spectrum in the formation of the Islamic historiography current, the basis and intellectual basis of this current, an understanding of the teachings of Islam, the Shia religion and the Islamic government was formed.The purpose of this research is to investigate the insight and attitude of Shia clerics in the formation and continuation of Islamic historiography after the Islamic revolution, especially that some clerics appeared as writers and researchers in the field of history after the victory of the revolution and began to compile and write books. They made history. The hypothesis of this research is that, influenced by the Islamic Revolution, a new range of clerical historians started compiling and producing historiographical sources with the support of the government of the Islamic Republic in the form of official historiography.The method and approach of this research is descriptive-analytical based on documentary and library sources. Also, the findings of this research show that compared to the vast volume of historiographical sources after the revolution in the country, the production and writing of historical works by clerics occupies an acceptable range and leads to the development and sometimes the form The flow of Islamic.

The purpose of this article is to know the dominant form of the relationship between the state and Ethnicities in pre-modern Iran.The type of relationship between the State and Ethnicities in Iran is not a static concept and has undergone transformations under the influence of the evolution of State and power. hence, the main question of this article is about quiddity the relationship between the State and the Ethnicities in the mentioned period. It seams in pre-modern Iran, due to the scattered construction of power among the three forms of relationship between the State and the Ethnicities; Cooperation, competition and conflict The contribution of "cooperation" has been more prominent in the form of exchange of power resources between the central State and local power cores. In this article, the theory of political opportunity structure has been used as selected analytical framework to explain the dominant form of interaction between the State and Ethnicities. The cooperation and assistance of the Ethnicities with the State in the determination of Iran's borders has been examined and shown in the case of the Goldsmith Treaties. The method of this research is historical explanation.

The most important development in the history of Iranian universities after the Islamic revolution is called "Cultural Revolution". Most of the existing studies has reduced the it to an "event" and limited to four days of conflict in universities across the country, which led to the closure of various higher education centers. This study emphasizes that cultural revolution is rooted in the Iranian revolution, and it did not lead to the closure of universities and universities and institutions established and founded in the galaxy of higher education in Iran during cultural revelation years. Which replied to the needs of the Iranian society and the ideas and aspirations of the revolutionaries.In addition, previous studies emphasized on the establishment of Imam Sadiq and Tarbiat Modares universities in this duration but this study shows that more centers were established and these new universities and institutes were a reflection to the society's demands and needs of higher education system. This article has a historical approach and based on review of 31710 Ettelaat Newspaper pages (in 1745 issues) from 1 Feb 1979 to 1 Feb 1983. It introduces the centers that were established under supervision of headquarters of the Cultural Revolution to realize the model of Islamic University.

Throughout two decades of its activity (1358-1378), Jahad’s duties and responsibilities have seen fundamental developments and changes. Change in the essence of Jahad’s activities in its first decade of existence included vast dimensions. So, on the one hand, with the change in the socio-political arena of Iran, Jahad bore change and turmoil in its assigned responsibilities; and on the other hand, change in Jahad Sazandegi’s role, first, caused change in the administrative structure of Jahad, and finally lead to the destruction and disappearance of this institution.The main question in this study is to explain and analyze the way Jahad treated the crises that it faced in the first decade of Islamic Revolution; and also, how these crises affected the fundamental institutional change in it. The present study has used the archival documents, interviews, state reports, and library sources, and applied the descriptive-analytical research method.The research findings demonstrate that though Jahad firstly came into existence with the purpose of eliminating deprivation from rural areas, its involvement in the crises following first decade of Islamic revolution distanced this institution from its main assignments; and with taking some new marginal roles though it helped the stabilization of the Islamic Revolution in deprived rural areas, because of its varied responsibilities and role change, Jahad bore some kind of administrative turmoil in the inside, and in the end this turmoil lead to the change of Islamic Republic’s policy makers’ outlook on Jahad, and finally its distruction and disappearance

How Iran takes a position against the formation of the confederation of sheikhs in the south of the Persian Gulf (1968-1970)Abstract:Iran's regional policy in the Persian Gulf and the Oman Sea underwent deep transformations in the 1940s/60s as a result of a series of internal developments and international approaches. The withdrawal of British forces from the Persian Gulf region and the Oman Sea and the emergence of a power vacuum, the issue of Bahrain and the formation of the South Persian Gulf Sheikh Federation were among the most important events that Iran was challenging and confronting in various ways. At the end of this decade, the small emirates south of the Strait of Hormuz, whose foreign and defense policy was managed by England and lacked independent political and administrative focus, demanded the formation of a kind of confederation. Iran opposed the establishment of this confederation. The purpose of this article is to examine the reasons for the strong opposition of the second Pahlavi government to the formation of the Federation of Persian Gulf Sheikhs at this point in time. In the end, it is concluded that due to the presence of Bahrain in this union, which Tehran considered to be part of its sovereignty, Iran opposed it, because from Tehran's point of view, Bahrain was considered a part of the country of Iran, and it was naturally possible to join it arbitrarily. T

The Center for Intellectual Development of Children and Adolescents began to operate as one of the cultural institutions in the second Pahlavi period, in 1344. The main question is, what were the functions and malfunctions of the center in relation to the Pahlavi government and Iranian society? In this research, with a historical approach and based on the documentary method and relying on the main sources and documents of archival centers, magazines and oral interviews, the center's activities have been discovered, described and analyzed. The findings of the research show that this cultural institution, during its twelve years of operation, by establishing several libraries and carrying out various activities in the field of books, theater, cinema, animation and music, provides children and teenagers with books, cultural activities and most importantly what He passed around them and introduced them. Although the center by attracting a part of the intellectuals of the left and protesting the government, it made them passive to a great extent; However, he could not fulfill the task of raising a generation loyal to the ideal of the Pahlavi monarchy, which should be prepared for "entering the stage of modernity" and great civilization. Therefore, the center for the Pahlavi government is dysfunctional; But it has had positive hidden functions for Iranian society. Writers, directors, actors and painters who started their careers from the center, after the overthrow of the Pahlavi government, their art was put at the service of the revolution.

The Turkman period is one of the important periods in architectural studies of the Iranian Period. Locating in the border areas between the countries and remaining few buildings due to earthquake caused the research in the architecture of this period encountered to challenges. These challenges led to the Turkman buildings being studied under Timurid architecture in Iran and under Ottoman architecture in Turkey. Consequently, the architecture of the Turkoman period was little known. Mosques are important architectural types representing part of this period's architectural features. Examination of historic documents, research, and the discovery of the base of Hassan Padshah (King Hassan) Mosque in recent archeological excavations make it possible to re-study the mosques of this historical period to determine the architectural features of Turkman mosques in comparison with Timurid mosques. The current research aims to compare the mosques of the Timurid and Turkman periods to determine the architectural differences and commonalities of the mosques of these two periods, which had cultural and political relations with each other in a historical period, to gain a better understanding of the architecture of this period. The results of this comparative study show: the cultural transfers between the Timurids and the Turkmens caused the architectural style of the mosques of these two dynasties to be mutually discussed, which led to the formation of commonalities in architecture. These cultural traditions did not cause the lack of independence of art and architecture of any of the dynasties.

Ahmad Kasravi was one of the most challenging personalities in the contemporary history of Iran. Many of his actions were contrary to the customs of the society and his researches were deconstructive. Therefore, studying the psychology of his personality can explain his actions in different aspects. Therefore, this article studying his actions in the political, religious, social and historiographic fields in adulthood with emphasizing the recognition of the influence of Ahmed Kasravi's social and family conditions in his childhood. The present research has investigated Kasravi's life and thoughts with the historical method and based on Peyman and Parcham journals. Also has used Karen Horne's theories in the analysis of Kasravi's personality, according to his theories, the most important factors in personality development are family and social conditions during childhood. According to the current research, the excessive affection and attention of the family and seclusion from other children and the social and cultural conditions of the society caused the formation of a kind of Basic anxiety in Kasravi's personality, which had an effect on aggressiveness and isolation towards others and the formation of an ideal self-image idealized.

The policy of centralization and the implementation of modernization programs were put on the agenda in the form of various programs and different forms during the Reza Shah period. During this period, the implementation of programs and laws such as the mandatory duty system, civil registry, the discovery of hijab, the Settlement of nomads, the new judicial system, the registration of documents and properties, tax affairs, and so on. It was necessary to organize the divisions of the country in a modern framework. Therefore, Reza Shah changed the structure of the country's divisions to implement his goals. This research is trying to answer the main question, what was the process of changes in the country's divisions during Reza Shah's period, and what was its relationship with the goals of modernization and centralization in this period? The research method in this study is the historical method with a descriptive-analytical approach and relies on archival documents, periodicals, and written sources. The findings of this research showed that the changes in the field of country divisions in this period greatly increased the political concentration and influence of the government from the provinces to the villages. After that, the modernist policies of the government gained more momentum in various economic, administrative, and educational fields especially the strengthening and development of the new army.

One of the western states of the Qajar territory, which attracted the attention of the Qajar government due to the diversity of its geographical conditions, its location on the Mesopotamia and the Holy shrines commercial highway, and its borders with the ottoman Empire, was the state of Kermanshahan. Due to the lack of proper health conditions, this state sometimes suffered from epidemic diseases such as cholera. This research, with a descriptive- analytical approach and using library sources and historical documents, seeks to answer the question of what factors did cause the outbreak of cholera in Kermanshahan during the Qajar era? The results of the present research showed that the outbreak of epidemic cholera frequently occurred in Kermanshahan province, and factors such as the lack of accountability of agents, the inefficacy of some local governors in controlling the disease and the lack of a prevention plan, lack of knowledge of new treatment methods, public ignorance and promotion of superstitions, lack of trust in the treatment methods of European doctors and insistence on treatment through traditional medicine, fake reports and statistics of government officials, lack of basic and appropriate quarantine and lack of attention of the central government played an effective role in controlling the disease

The guilds were one of the important economic groups, who distanced themselves from their traditional role with their widespread presence in the constitutional revolution. They were limited by government policies during the Pahlavi I period, . Tthe Tudeh party, which introduced itself as a supporter of the working classes, and attract them to the Soviet Communists, it published various newspapers such as Shahbaz, and etc. Khalq newspaper owned by Mustafa Lankarani was the organ of Jamiat Azadi Iran, which was launched in order to explain the economic conditions and problems of trade unions. By a descriptive-analytical method , this Study tries to show how the status of guilds is reflected in Khalq newspaper?. The result of the research shows that a considerable amount of articles related to this issue shows the wrong economic policy of the government in the entry of corrupt and bad goods into the country and the closure of domestic workshops, bankruptcy and poverty of guilds, which is due to the lack of a correct economic plan and the lack of coordination of economic and The production of the government created problems for the guilds, including the high cost of production raw materials, and the oppression of municipal and police officials. It has also provided solutions based on encouraging the export of goods based on barter trade with the Soviet Union in contrast to Truman's Four Principles and paying attention to the lives of villagers to increase their purchasing power in line with Soviet communist policies.