نشریه مطالعات فقه و حقوق رسانه
سال چهارم شماره 2 (پیاپی 8، پاییز و زمستان 1401)

Women have played a significant role in the formation of history, civilization, and culture of every nation. Article 21 of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran also obligates the government to guarantee women's rights in all aspects while adhering to Islamic standards. Women's rights is a term that refers to the freedom of women at all ages. Women's rights typically include, but are not limited to, bodily integrity, autonomy, the right to vote, the right to work, equal pay, and more. On the other hand, the media is used as a material tool for message transmission, and the media can play a crucial role in explaining and promoting women's rights. However, this tool can also be misused and become a means to deny women's rights. In this research, we will explore the role of the media and its impact on women's rights using a descriptive-analytical method. The results of this research indicate that the media has been able to play a prominent role in promoting women's rights and preventing the violation of women's rights.

With the tremendous advancements in the field of science and technology and the invention of new electronic technologies, the lifestyle of human society has also undergone a transformation. These changes have been evident in all areas, including the formation of contracts and legal agreements such as the marriage contract, which can now be concluded through modern methods of electronic contracting. Therefore, the legitimacy of modern methods of contracting marriage is of great importance from a jurisprudential and legal perspective. This issue has been examined in various sources, including existing documents and records in this field, as well as jurisprudential and legal texts of both Iran and Egypt. It can be said that from a jurisprudential and legal perspective, the specific terminology used in the marriage contract holds a special position in determining its legitimacy. This is because the intention and volition of the parties involved are expressed through words, rather than actions. However, if written or electronic correspondence is used in the process of contracting, the legitimacy of the contract may be subject to doubt. These key concepts, including legitimacy, methods, contracting, marriage, Iran, and Egypt, have been thoroughly examined and analyzed in the aforementioned sources

This article examines the foundations of children's rights regarding access to digital media and their right to protection from digital media harms. By utilizing the concept of "distributed responsibility" in networked actions and adopting a socio-technical systems approach, the article demonstrates that "responsibility for protecting children's rights from digital media harms" lies with all network actors within a digital media platform. The evaluation of fulfilling this responsibility is also contingent upon the consequences of actions and the conditions of the recipient of the action (the child). Finally, the article discusses the outcome of this approach in explaining how mechanisms for controlling inappropriate television programs for children by parents, through the use of age classification systems and television microchips, highlight the importance of intertwined human-social, cultural aspects within its technical dimensions.

One of the rights of children that has been emphasized in international documents, domestic laws, and sacred Islamic texts is mental health. This right should also be ensured in the virtual space, and it is necessary for different legal systems to take measures to guarantee the mental health rights of children in the virtual space. However, it seems that this right has been neglected in many countries. This research aims to address the question of what rights children have in the virtual space to ensure their mental health, according to the Convention on the Rights of the Child, domestic laws, and Islamic teachings. Using a descriptive-analytical method and an approach based on the teachings of Islam, this study examines the rights of children in terms of education, play, access to appropriate content, and privacy in the virtual space.

Employing children for arduous and harmful work that jeopardizes their health and education is condemned. However, historical evidence shows that this reprehensible act has been prevalent in various countries and, unfortunately, continues to exist according to research conducted. In recent years, with the expansion of citizens' use of the virtual space for economic purposes, children have also been exposed to this environment, and some refer to them as child laborers in the virtual space. In this research, the author aims to answer the question, using a descriptive-analytical method, whether such children are considered workers according to current laws or not. The conducted investigations indicate that children's activities in the virtual space have different characteristics, and according to current laws, most of these children cannot be considered as workers. Nevertheless, such activities have various detrimental effects on children, endangering their mental well-being.

Documents are considered one of the most important and common evidence in criminal and civil lawsuits. In civil law, Article 1258 lists written documents as one of the means of proving a claim, and Article 1284 restricts documents to "writings." Civil law, civil procedure law, and registration regulations extensively discuss "documents and related provisions" in detail. However, discussions regarding electronic documents and their evidentiary value have gained significant importance in today's daily relationships, especially in the field of family law. The legislator, in the Electronic Commerce Law, considers electronic data messages and electronic signatures equivalent to traditional writings and signatures (e.g., signatures under contracts) and recognizes their evidentiary value. Based on this law, the validity of many electronic documents has been established or refuted in various lawsuits. In this article, we intend to examine and analyze the validity of electronic documents presented in family lawsuits, considering the laws and judicial procedures existing in Iran.