نشریه آراء
سال ششم شماره 13 (بهار 1402)

The delinquency of children and adolescents is a declaration of incompatibility with society and a danger sign in terms of the possibility of their persistence in the criminal environment. For this reason, the rehabilitation of delinquent children and teenagers is one of the most important issues in criminal policy. The rulings against the freedom of children and teenagers are manifested in the form of keeping them in correctional centers. Therefore, the main purpose of applying the guarantee of criminal executions against the delinquency of children and adolescents is their correction, education and reintegration, and above all, the purpose of criminal justice measures is to rehabilitate and prepare the person to return to society. Therefore, it seems that imprisonment and convicting those who are deprived of their freedom cannot be effective in achieving this goal, and perhaps violent treatment may lead to right and wrong bias of their behavior system. Since children and teenagers usually happen to an accident or commit crimes and there are many factors such as psychological crimes, psychological weaknesses, lack of awareness, etc., in this disease, plant food is rehabilitative. Compared to criminal responses, it is more effective. In this article, using the library-documentary and descriptive/analytical method with the approach of Iran's legal system, it has been investigated the reactions of social reform, with the aim of supporting delinquent children and teenagers, and a model for efficient criminal policy for this group of Offenders will be provided.

A bank guarantee is one of the most effective bank documents without which it is not possible to fulfill the obligations of the parties or the lack of it makes the parties face risks. The most important characteristic of these documents is their independence from the basic contract which enables the beneficiary to have a definite and immediate payment from a competent guarantor in his country. The international exception to the aforementioned principle is fraud, which can prevent the claim and payment of the guarantee to its beneficiary. The question raised is what is the approach of international regulations regarding the issue of fraud? and what measures has the convention of independent guarantees and guaranteed letters of credit taken in this case? The rules and regulations of the International Chamber of Commerce have adopted a silent or near-silent approach on the issue of fraud. However, the aforementioned convention is the only document that has established regulations regarding the issue of fraud, which provides useful guidelines to the courts in this regard.

The Beheshtabad watershed is located in the Ardal county of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province with an area of 5110 square kilometers under the Karun-e-Bozorg watersheds. The Beheshtabad water transfer project is a civil engineering project designed to transfer water from the Kuhrang and Beheshtabad watersheds in this province to the central plateau, including Isfahan, Kerman, and Yazd provinces. Due to the geological conditions of the region, irreparable risks are posed to the water resources of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, which imposes a heavy compensation on the livelihood of the people. Furthermore, by examining the fundamental rights of the people, a re-examination and clarification of another solution to supply water to the central plateau is considered; among these rights, the right to a healthy environment and the need to preserve natural resources are mentioned as a social responsibility. The right to a healthy environment is also part of the third generation of human rights and subject to solidarity rights. Currently, preserving the rights of future generations has become a human challenge and a global issue. People have a significant role in protecting the environment to achieve their ideal and progressive life. In addition, the amount of consequences resulting from the water transfer project must be examined based on environmental factors. In this regard, it is necessary to use the experiences of other countries to reduce damages, increase efficiency, and preserve internal interests. This study examines the foundations and approaches of environmental law in water transfer projects between watersheds and the Beheshtabad transfer project. Furthermore, with the necessity of benefiting from a healthy and sustainable environment, which is the focus of environmentalists' concerns, general principles and acceptable approaches to water transfer projects at the national and international levels have been discussed. The findings indicate that compliance with environmental, economic, and social feasibility studies has been a prerequisite for the implementation of the Beheshtabad water transfer project. Therefore, the compatibility of environmental principles and regulations with this water transfer project has a special position for feasibility studies.