پژوهشنامه تاریخ، سیاست و رسانه
پیاپی 23 (پاییز 1402)

Saladin Ayubi is one of the great Muslim commanders. He has not only emphasized the military aspect, but also paid attention to the development and expansion of cultural and scientific affairs. The conquest of Jerusalem and the expulsion of the Crusaders are among his military actions. On the other hand, he founded dozens of educational centers, including mosques, schools, hospitals, and monasteries, with the help of Khwaja Nizam-ul-Molk Tusi and Nuruddin Zangi. He established numerous schools such as Nasiriyah, Qomhiyah and Sufiyya in Egypt and two Salahiyah schools in Damascus and Jerusalem and other educational institutions and determined endowments for each of them to provide teachers' salaries and students' allowances, accommodation, food, treatment and even provide Free writing software has brought about a tremendous change in education and its systematization. Following him, his relatives and courtiers started building educational institutions and endowed them with sufficient income such as shops, hot springs and agricultural lands. This approach worthy of Salah al-Din Ayyubi and his family became the basis for the training of many scientists in the educational institutions built in Egypt and the Levant. In this article, the author aims to explain and clarify the educational actions of Saladin Ayyubi in a descriptive way and using written sources.

The establishment of the Qajar dynasty took place in an old context of the coming and going of governments, most of which had relatively similar principles of governance. The political atmosphere and relations governing the government and the nation in the first period of this government were in accordance with the long-standing assumptions of the Iranian people about governance. However, unlike the previous governments, the Qajars continued to face conditions that no government in Iran had experienced before them. Familiarity of Iranian society with Western culture and civilization in the second half of the Qajar rule opened a window towards the obsolescence of the foundations of institutionalized governance in Iran. In this period, in addition to doubting the legitimacy of the royal system, new political demands were raised by Maram and there were talks about law-centeredness and democracy. This article aims to answer this fundamental question by examining the course of transformation of Iranians' reading of the foundations of governance during the Qajar period, why the institutionalized governance system in the minds of Iranians until the Qajar period began to decline from the middle of this period? It seems that the most important factor in this connection was the increase in interactions between the Iranian society and the western world and gaining awareness of the western model of governing the people. This research will investigate this issue with descriptive-analytical method and using library data

Most of the research conducted in the field of causes of revolutions has analyzed revolutions theoretically. The purpose of this research is to analyze the Egyptian revolution using World Values Survey (WVS) data. The research method is of the secondary analysis type and the data of the fourth and fifth wave surveys of Egypt were used with a sample size of 3000 people in each survey. To analyze the Egyptian revolution, Johnson's theory of institutional imbalance, Gere's theory of relative deprivation, and mass society theory were used. In order to measure the research hypotheses, the questions that measured the main variables of the theories were identified in the survey questionnaire. The findings show that in 2008, compared to 2000, the respondents chose economic values as the most important goal of the country. Also, the satisfaction with the financial status of the family and the feeling of happiness had decreased significantly. The findings support all the above theories. The occurrence of the economic crisis, the increase in relative deprivation, and the massiveness of Egyptian society provided the basis for the revolution.

Basically, influence in various forms is one of the methods of subversion and domination over countries. From the genealogical point of view, Iran's enemies throughout history have used different methods to influence the country's management, power and independence. In the recent years, the issue of influence has become very popular in the political literature of Iran. The present article seeks to answer the question of what was the pattern of British influence in Iran during the Qajar period?. Can the answer to this question provide a good knowledge for political management in the present time Based on the collection of documents, library and expert panel, 12 main components and factors in the formation of the pattern of influence in Iran during the Qajar period with the slogan of modernization have been identified. A network analysis based on the Mick Mac software shows that the pattern of British strategic influence in Iran is based on two central factors including arms smuggling, combating the slave trade and piracy (component D) and the creation of freemasonry and freemasons (component H), changing the economic structure and forming dependence (component L) and creating differences and conflicts between social forces (component K) have been under the guise of modernization. In other words, the relationships of the four components of H, D, L, and K among the set of existing relationships show stronger and more effective relationships in the formation of the pattern of failure. Continuity of most of the above components in the conditions and governance of the Islamic Republic of Iran. can also be seen.

Takfir and contemporary takfiri movements are an inseparable part of the deviant interpretation of Islamic teachings, which is influenced by the continuation of internal crises in Islamic countries, inefficient political systems, weak and bankrupt governments, and power vacuum in the region. The Middle East, as well as the intervention of extra-regional powers, has matured and continued to exist in various forms. Nevertheless, Al-Qaeda and Daesh must be considered as two main currents that have become the most important and dangerous Takfiri-terrorist groups with violent, inhumane and irreligious actions with Takfiri-Jihad approach. In the meantime, ISIS, although it is considered the birth of al-Qaeda, but its dominance over parts of Iraq and Syria and the announcement of the establishment of the Islamic Caliphate and the central threat of Iran by ISIS, require a scientific study of the grounds and It shows the reasons for its formation and evolution. Therefore, this article has tried to evaluate the impact of Takfiri movements and especially ISIS on Iran's national security.

Development is a comprehensive process with economic, social, political and cultural dimensions. Political development has an ideological and ethnic load more than other concepts. One of the dimensions of political development is political participation. Women make up 50% of the population. In our country, the failure to achieve full political participation of women has obstacles beyond the law and policies; Since increasing the participation of all members of the society is one of the main means of achieving development, and also because men cannot adequately defend the interests of women, women's participation in all political activities is a necessity as much as possible. He said that if women are considered a minority in the political field, democracy is incomplete. Women's political participation does not mean women's participation in elections and marches and various religious and ideological ceremonies, but participation means that women have a decisive and decision-making role in all democratic institutions, if there are still some political duties. And culture is determined by gender. In this article, using a library method, it is tried to explain the dimensions of the influence of women's political participation in cultural and social development and provide solutions to increase political participation.