نشریه نظریه پردازی
پیاپی 3 (زمستان 1401)

Paying attention to defense infrastructure and combat power is one of the important requirements for long-term planning in the field of defense-security super-challenges. These challenges and environmental conditions of future wars in the international system will be affected by what parameters? It seems that the conditions and environmental characteristics of future wars, considering the growth of emerging technologies and its undeniable impact on defense-security challenges, the atmosphere of wars will move towards hybrid, intelligent and fluid wars. The stunning growth of technology and communication, which we call the information revolution, is a powerful wave that will change the nature and character of war and conflict in general. Factors such as changes in the composition of actors, war environment and attention to intelligent systems also affect the conditions of wars and consequently defense structures. This research is a prospective study with a qualitative-interpretive method and a descriptive-analytical approach, also through the available data (documents/library), defense challenges and possible wars in the next two decades in the international environment and their impact on the defense-security environment of the Islamic Republic of Iran. has been examined, analyzed and analyzed.

The American policy towards the Islamic Republic of Iran during the Trump era (the official withdrawal of the United States from the JCPOA on May 8, 2018) is known as the maximum pressure campaign. During this period, tensions between Iran and the United States reached their peak and the risk of a military conflict between the Islamic Republic of Iran and the United States and its allies was greater than ever. The Islamic Republic of Iran endured the most severe economic sanctions imposed on a country during this period. The research question is, what was the goal of the United States in undertaking the campaign of maximum pressure against the Islamic Republic of Iran? The research hypothesis is that America's maximum pressure campaign was an attempt to balance power in West Asia against Iran. The findings of the research are that the Americans have tried to weaken Iran through the imposition of economic sanctions and the collapse of the country's economy in order to reduce Iran's acting power, and on the other hand, by strengthening the power of its allied countries in the region and also by forming regional coalitions to create a balance against Iran. The theoretical framework of the article is based on the balance of power and aggressive realism. The current research is descriptive-analytical in terms of the research method and the documentary/library method has been used to collect the required data.

On the 40th anniversary of its victory and on the verge of entering the fifth decade of its life, the Islamic Revolution of Iran has brought a turning point; While all the arrogant enemies of this revolution harbored false assumptions in their minds, the friends of this revolution all over the world have seen the revolution proudly despite the challenges and achieving stunning progress. At this turning point, the wise and wise leader of the Islamic Revolution issued the "Statement on the Second Step of the Revolution" and explained the tremendous achievements of the past four decades and made recommendations for efforts to build a great Islamic Iran. Therefore, in the present study, the researcher, by using the descriptive-analytical method, has tried to identify and introduce the crises facing the Islamic Republic of Iran by using the material opportunities presented in the "Statement of the Second Step of the Revolution" so that it can take into account the requirements Time and place, in a suitable time period and before the occurrence of each of the crises, provided scientific and practical solutions to deal with them; In such a way that the goals of the Islamic revolution can be promoted and the efficiency of the Islamic system increases. The result of this study is to identify and introduce the crises facing the Islamic Republic of Iran, which are presented in the text of the research.

Western civilization was founded by taking advantage of Islamic civilization and with the rule of humanism, the idea of ​​separating religion from politics, and based on de-religion and anti-religion; He also tried hard to destroy religion. The influence of Western civilization on Islamic countries and Iran led to the emergence of contemporary religious reformist movements, such as Seyyed Jamaluddin Asadabadi's movement, tobacco embargo, constitutionalism, oil nationalization, etc., none of which achieved their goals; But the consequences of each became the basis for the glorious Islamic revolution of Iran. The glorious Islamic revolution has such a nature that it is crystallized in its principles and foundations, which is based on the Islamic system based on the absolute authority of the jurist and has challenged the western civilization with its soft power. The effects of the effectiveness of the Islamic revolution in the eyes of the statement of the second step are different, among them, the transformation in the theories surrounding the revolutions, the creation of a revolution that is different from other revolutions, the beginning of a new era in the contemporary world, alive, dynamic, proud, progressive, and adhering to the principles and Its foundations have continued to move. After several decades, the all-round growth of the Islamic revolution has led to the decline of the western civilization and confronting the all-round invasion of arrogance. As the Supreme Leader said in the statement of the second step of the revolution: the new dual confrontation of Islam and arrogance became the outstanding phenomenon of the contemporary world and the focus of the world's attention.

Considering the place of security in human life, different theories have always sought to interpret the concept of security and the mechanisms to achieve it, and the difference in the foundations of ontology, epistemology, methodology, and epistemology has led to the adoption of different approaches to security, and the two schools of realism and liberalism, As two main currents in international relations and Islam as a universal religion, they have presented different security approaches. The current research, using the descriptive/analytical research method and introducing the three schools mentioned, has done a comparative study of these three schools and seeks to present the difference in the views of these three schools in conceptualization, dimensions and mechanisms and operationalization of security indicators. The results of this research indicate that the pessimistic view of realism towards man and the international system and the focus on the war-oriented nature of the international system and the rule of force over relations have led to the adoption of a kind of security, confrontational and reductionist approach and emphasis on the military dimension of security. Also, the optimistic view of liberalism towards man and the international system and paying attention to the peaceful dimension of man and international relations and focusing on peace-oriented, led to adopt a type of security, interactive and optimistic approach with emphasis on the economic dimension and the level of individualistic analysis and the realistic view of Islam towards Human nature and the international system, according to the foundations of ontology, has led to the adoption of a security approach that is a combination of an interactive, confrontational and realistic approach based on comprehensive security and emphasis on various layers of security and the level of nationalistic analysis.

The purpose of this research is to analyze the causes and factors of the weakness of indigenous theorizing in Iranian humanities. The findings of this research show that "phenomenon-centeredness" is the weakness of the theorizing "foundation of the unproductive scientific system". The background conditions of phenomenon-oriented growth are "quantitative/research-oriented educational system, need-oriented weakness in scientific researches, underdevelopment of scientific polarizations and historical bases of non-thinking". The intervening conditions are "intersectional and prescriptive conception of theorizing, unbalanced communication between the field and the university, and incorrect valuation of humanities and weak historicity in humanities" which are associated with strategies such as "not accepting the indigenous and non-indigenous fields of science, time-consuming theorizing, and the preference of bureaucratic professionalism over people-oriented which have finally led to consequences such as "the gap between technical knowledge and social knowledge, the deepening of dependence/scientific consumerism, and the marginalization of scientific authority" in the educational system. The results of this study show that in order to overcome the weakness of theorizing, in the first step, the values ​​of endogenous and native science should be institutionalized among experts and researchers of humanities in order to provide the conditions for the transition from the inferior position. In the second step, idea-oriented and problem-oriented eco-oriented should be replaced by quantitative and unproductive explorations so that a reasonable theoretical understanding of the Iranian society can be achieved through the link between education and research.