نشریه بهداری رزمی دفاع مقدس و مقاومت
سال ششم شماره 1 (پیاپی 11، بهار و تابستان 1402)

Scorpions are a large group of arthropods belonging to the arachnid category, which live in humid and desert areas, are active at night, and have deadly venom. They can be dangerous for humans. Since the Iranian combatants were present in the desert areas to defend our holy land and the operations were usually carried out at night and there was a possibility of scorpion stings among them, this article examines the prevention of scorpion stings in the imposed war.

This study was done using the Library research method and searching scientific databases. Scientific and oral interviews with academic staff and experienced officials of health affairs during the holy defense period have also been used.

With the national determination and cooperation of all, considerable success was achieved in the prevention of scorpion stings, so that the reports collected from field emergency centers and hospitals in the war zone indicate that no warriors have been bitten by a scorpion. Individual training measures to prevent scorpion stings to the warriors, building concrete trenches, improving the environment, and collecting waste and disposing of it have been effective.

Health measures and the implementation of scientific Arrangements during the holy defense prevented possible injuries caused by scorpion stings among the warriors. Therefore, compliance with health standards is recommended in similar conditions. It is necessary to continue scientific research to combat this arthropod and regarding prevention and treatment to reduce its possible and unforeseen risks.

The advancement of technology and the subsequent change in the way of recording and storing medical data have created challenges in terms of privacy and security of people's health information, which is one of the most important controversial topics in this era. Because these data are of special importance for people and the health system, these challenges can affect people's lives sometimes effectively and sometimes ineffectively. The purpose of this article is to identify the challenges of information security in the field of health. The purpose of this paper is to identify the challenges of information security in the field of health.

This study results from a search in Iran doc, Civilica, MagIran, SID, PubMed, and Google Scholar websites. Articles whose full text was not available and articles that were repeated were also excluded from the study process. Also, articles in Persian and English since 2015 Using cyber security keywords, health domain, cyber security, cyberattack, and finally 30 articles were selected and entered the study process.

Surveys showed that cyber security in the field of health means safe access to clients' information in a confidential manner, which the main challenges are information confidentiality, hackers attack, secure data storage, and secure data sharing.

Using technology to record and store medical data and information, despite safe storage, easy access and many advantages due to the possibility of cyberattacks, can be considered the biggest threat to patients, treatment teams, and policymakers.

During military operations, residual metals and weapons residue, including lead, copper, depleted uranium (DU), zinc, nickel, chromium, cadmium, etc., are released into the environment. These activities can result in human exposure to metal by inhalation or ingestion of released particles, as well as injury from embedded fragments. This study was conducted to investigate potential sources of metal emissions during military operations, pathways of metal exposure, and associated health risks.

This study is a review study conducted in the spring of 2023 by searching the PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases and searching using the Google Scholar search engine using the keywords "Health effects", "health", "Metal", "Embedded Pieces", "Weapon" "Military" and related articles were selected and reviewed.

Residues of war weapons can directly cause exposure and contamination of plants, animals, and humans with metals through soil, air, underground, and surface water. Biomonitoring studies have shown an increase in the accumulation of these metals in plants, vertebrates and invertebrates. Exposure to these metals leads to adverse cardiovascular, neurological, etc. consequences in military personnel and negative consequences for the development of the nervous system in children living in military areas. Also, experimental studies in vivo and in vitro have shown the toxic effects of specific metals as well as widely used metal alloys.

Evidence shows that exposure to metals during military activities can be associated with metal toxicity and contribute significantly to adverse health effects. An increased metal load in the body may lead to latent and long-term effects in exposed people. The major effects of toxicity depend on various factors such as the type of weapon, chemical composition, routes of exposure, and environmental characteristics, which are currently poorly understood. Therefore, further studies in biological, epidemiological, and laboratory surveillance are needed to better characterize metal exposure associated with military operations.

The Arbaeen ceremony is considered to be one of the largest and most magnificent mass gatherings in the world. Every year, millions of people march between Najaf Ashraf and Karbala, and on the Arbaeen day of Hosseini, peace be upon him, they gather in Karbala and renew their relationship with the martyrs of Karbala. They swear and honor the memory of the martyrs of Karbala. It is obvious that in this large gathering of millions, various people, including minors, teenagers, young, middle-aged and elderlies, with different cultures, dialects and also levels of health, are present, but all of them are under the love of Imam Hussain (PBUH) and the martyrs of Karbala. Any condition, whether it's hot or cold, encourages this worship. This article examines common diseases in the Arbaeen ceremony in the past and ways to prevent them in the future.

This study was conducted using the author's experiences and field studies along with the review of articles and official reports, as well as the use of scientific databases.

The results of the study indicate that in addition to the prevalence of COVID-19, Other diseases have been reported during the Arbaeen ceremony, including gastrointestinal and neuromuscular disorders, common respiratory infections, in some cases of skin disorders, and traffic accidents.

Given the emphasis of Islamic teachings on observing personal and social health standards, despite overcrowding and excessive density of traffic during these special days, In addition to reports of the incidence of common and expected diseases in the conducted studies, among which acute digestive diseases had a very small contribution, however, it seems that the necessary measures for prevention or confrontation with any medical and health emergencies should be considered by all officials involved in the ceremony.

In 2032, the Defense Research Center in Tehran published a book collection in four volumes titled "Bibliography of Defense Health". This collection of thematic bibliography contains Persian articles, English articles, books, and theses related to the health and treatment of the Iraq war with Iran. In this article, a brief review of this collection has been done, and at the same time, the theory has been stated that a research in the field of health and treatment of Iraq war with Iran is an interdisciplinary approach. In addition to the criticism that has been made on the four-volume collection of the bibliography of defense health, we have tried to show, using the historical analysis approach, that the research in the field of health and treatment of the Iraq war with Iran should be seen from the perspective of history, because many sources related to this historical period are now, they have lost their qualification as a medical source and can only be examined based on the historical approach. Using the fields of theorizing, terminological knowledge and the like are solutions that eventually pave the way to reach the analytical history of health and medical treatment of the Iraq war with Iran. The proposal to compile a glossary of health and treatment of the Iraq war with Iran, the subject headings of health and treatment of the Iraq war with Iran and the expansion of the necessary library category (for the establishment of a specialized library of health and treatment of the Iraq war with Iran) are among the findings of this research. Terms such as defense health and military medicine are among the terms that have been introduced as the main terminological studies in this field. Finally, the Bibliography of Defense Health is known as an important and worthy work in the field of compilation of sources of historical analysis of health and treatment of Iraq war with Iran. In addition to suggestions for improving the level of the book and guidelines for improving its scientific aspects, the preparation and editing of its second edition is also strongly suggested.

Over the past years, field hospitals have been created and developed near the accident site to help provide faster and more favorable medical services and save human lives during war and natural disasters. Since the field hospital must have a lot of medical equipment, manpower, and treatment spaces, it needs a special framework and features. The purpose of this study is to present these characteristics for the construction of a field hospital, and its results can be used as a practical and generalizable framework for the productivity of building an ideal field hospital in Iran and other armed forces of the world. The present qualitative study was conducted by document content analysis and according to the experience of the authors and field observations. First, by reviewing electronic sources, all existing documents and articles related to the characteristics of an ideal field hospital were identified. The selection of documents was done purposefully and considering the four criteria of JUPP. After the multi-step screening, 85 documents were selected and analysis was done after coding. The ideal features for establishing a field hospital to provide optimal medical services to the wounded and injured due to war or accident were identified and recorded in 40 fields. Modern, up-to-date, and more comprehensive field hospitals can save the lives of the injured and improve the treatment process. These features include: having all the functional standards of a hospital, being self-sufficient and self-reliant, being in a network, having an advanced telemedicine system, being mission-oriented, easy to transport, having multiple uses, having special equipment for surgeries, having a room and a command and control system…, is vital on a high scale.

Freedom, justice, security, and health are fundamental principles and pillars of achieving ideal goals in societies. In the Islamic ideology and value system, each of these principles holds a special and significant position. They interact and have a noticeable impact on each other, ultimately forming the core of human excellence. Over the past four decades, despite notable successes and continuous development, the healthcare system of the country has faced various challenges. These challenges include insufficient access of the community to healthcare services, high healthcare costs, lack of coordination among different levels of services, neglect of preventive care, lack of community-level interventions, imbalance between resources and societal needs, and limited social responsiveness. According to most development and health experts, the development and expansion of healthcare networks, the family physician strategy, service categorization, referral system, proper resource allocation, payment methods, and public engagement in healthcare provision are the main solutions to overcome the challenges of the healthcare delivery system. Therefore, this article aims to explain the role of voluntary participation and their contributions to healthcare programs. This article employed a qualitative approach, conducting comprehensive interviews with 11 experts, along with a descriptive review of relevant studies and programs. The implementation of participatory programs has shown significant effects in reducing health inequalities, increasing appropriate coverage in urban areas, decreasing hospital-centered care, and emphasizing the influence of social factors on health. In addition to the findings of the study, which collectively play a crucial role in advancing community health, the presence of health volunteers as assisting allies alongside technical and support personnel in urban areas is recommended. To promote public participation, involving the public in planning and decision-making processes, and utilizing their involvement in providing comprehensive primary healthcare services to urban communities, especially among marginalized and disadvantaged populations at the national and regional levels, holds a significant position that needs to be precisely redefined and expanded in a transparent and inclusive manner.