نشریه پژوهش های میان رشته ای زبان و ادبیات فارسی
سال دوم شماره 1 (پیاپی 3، بهار و تابستان 1402)

Conceptual metaphor is one of the most important perspectives of modern linguistics, which plays a special and new role in the analysis of text and communicative language. Death is a slippery and incomprehensible concept and is always understood through objective and tangible objects. In the theory of conceptual metaphor, which is formed based on the thinking of cognitive linguists, death is expressed with mappings such as "death is power", "death is travel", "death is human". Therefore, with the aim of examining the concept of death in the poetry of Ahmadreza Ahmadi, a contemporary poet, we first discussed the general concepts of metaphor, then defined and classified conceptual metaphor from the perspective of cognitive linguists. The current study examines the link between metaphor and the intellectual foundation of the poet and how Ahmadi was able to express his ideology and attitude about death through metaphor. The evidence shows that the concept of death in Ahmadi's poetry, due to the use of conceptual metaphor, is mixed with his pure poetic feelings and often exceeds conventional metaphorical concepts. Death is often considered as an entity or a body that accompanies the poet, and with such mappings as "death is a present phenomenon", "death is human" it indicates Ahmadi's death thinking and the frequency of the concept of death in his poetry. According to the history of the studied collections, the conceptual metaphor of death gradually becomes more prominent in the poet's thought.

Wittfugel, a German sociologist, is one of the leading theoreticians in the field of Eastern authoritarianism. This theory is one of the approaches that reveal the complex characteristics of eastern societies and their cultural differences. The divine origin of deference to the king, submission and total obedience to the ruler, the existence of social classes, the absence of class struggle, intimidation and violence, isolationism, etc. are among the important components of this theory that the authors in this article using the analysis method Descriptively and with the approach of literary sociology, they analyzed these components in Masnavi and compared them with a number of stories of this great mystical work and came to the conclusion that Masnavi, in addition to what it shows consciously and directly about mysticism and ethics. Dodhed also reveals other cultural, social and intellectual discourses. Based on this, it can be claimed that the mental model of the poet can be identified from the power relations and the hierarchical system that governs it; In such a way that he, like the people of his time, accepted the common discourse of his time in the category of power and, accordingly, politics, and for this reason, to some extent, he gave a kind of apparent legitimacy to the political rule and the hierarchical system of the monarchy.

Intertextuality as one of the methods in art criticism has been considered in recent years. For this critical approach, which seeks to examine the effects of texts on each other, various methods have been identified, the most important of which can be seen in the views of Bakhtin, Kristeva, Barthes, Genette and Rifatter. Gerard Genette, meanwhile, has carefully described the various types of intertextuality, namely "Arch textuality", "Paratextuality", "metatextuality" and "hyper textuality". Jamshid Khanian is one of the well-known writers of children and adolescent literature who pays special attention to the choice of subject and narrative methods. For this reason, his works are always considered by critics and audiences. He has researched the relationship between cinema and literature, and in choosing the subject, theme and characters of some of his novels, he has been influenced by selected works of Iranian and world cinema. This descriptive-analytical study seeks to examine the intertextual relationship between the two novels "The Dwarf Emperor of Lilliput Land" and "Edson Arants Donasimento and His Himalayan Rabbit" and two world-famous works entitled " The fabulous destiny of Amelie Poulain " and " Inglorious Basterds ". The results show that there is a relationship between Khanian's novels and the mentioned films in terms of selecting the main and sub-characters and their actions, narrative methods, elements and objects. A relationship that can be evaluated under the two types of "Arch textuality" and "hyper textuality".

According to Norman Holland, the reader goes to the text in order to "get pleasure"; Because he sees his desires in it in a different way. For the analysis of mystical states, the knowledge of psychoanalysis as a practical and progressive knowledge has always played a decisive role. Based on this, we can conclude that psychoanalytic criticism of mystical readings is one of the needs and necessities of literary criticism in the present era. With such a view and considering the importance of the subject, 10 scientific-research articles in which the researchers had presented mystical readings of the sustainability poems of contemporary Iranian poets were selected and analyzed. The results showed that if the reader uses the psychoanalysis facilities correctly during the reading, he can gain more success in discovering the true meaning of the text; But if he cannot control these facilities, it will lead to reading distortion. For example, the defense mechanism of "idealization" causes exaggerated reading of the text and not seeing or underestimating its weak points; or the activation of expansion in the process of reading the text, if it is not under the control of the reader, it causes the path of interpretation to change and as a result, the reader, without delay in the lower layers of meaning, fills only the gaps of the surface layer of meaning; However, if the readers use the "foreigner" approach consciously in the reading process, the value, effectiveness and attractiveness of the reading will be increased.

The present descriptive-analytical and corpus-driven study attempts to analyze and classify different types of conceptual metaphors and their conceptualization methods among Persian compound verbs based on the theoretical framework of cognitive semantics. Data were collected through Sokhan's 8-volume dictionary and the Persian language database. The research data consist of more than 1000 Persian compound verbs in the form of 20 common Persian language combinations, each of which was examined and analyzed using 50 current Persian language combinations. In fact, the authors seek to analyze different types of cognitive schemas and their frequencies and to show their conceptualization among Persian compound verbs. Among image schemas, path and container schemas were analyzed in this research. The findings showed that the path schema had a higher frequency than the container schema. In both schemas, four light verbs ("Kardan", "ᶋodan", "Raftan", and "Dadan") had the most cooperation in creating the image schema. In general, verbs such as rushing, passing, and sending, which imply movement and are used in short and long periods depending on the subject of the speech, have a decisive role in the construction of path image schemas. In the construction of container schemas, verbs implying topics, such as being the content of something, having something inside (the heart), being enclosed in a place, and the like, play a pivotal role.

The connection between the science of literature and the science of politics is an old-fashioned connection; Despite the many differences in nature, language, attitude, territory, method and purpose. It has the ability to research and study from different angles; But in this article, the purpose of the relationship between politics and literature is not "Literature as an alternative to politics or politics as an alternative to literature". Rather, the question is: what is the reflection and presence of politics in the field of literature? In fact, the purpose of this connection; is the same style in which literature deals with political discourse by selecting it, which is interpreted as "political literature." In addition, another focus of this study is the impact and interaction of political currents and approaches in the face of literary criticism and comparative literature. This theoretical and interdisciplinary article examines and analyzes how trade and their kinship are divided into three domains: political literature, comparative literature, and literary criticism while pointing to the structural differences between the two worlds of literature and politics with approach and method. Descriptive-analytical.Keywords: Interdisciplinary Studies, Political Literature, Comparative Literature, Literary Criticism, Political Science.

This article aims to examine the components of cosmopolitanism in the school of the same name and Rumi’s worldview. According to the cosmopolitanism, which entered the literature in the 20th century by Valery Larbaud and Paul Morand, people are fellow citizens regardless of religion, race and other differences, the land is the common homeland of all people, and political and geographical boundaries dont differentiate between them. On the other hand, the idea of equality and sharing of human beings in terms of human status is also observed in Rumi's opinions. Although in most of his works, Rumi emphasized the need to pay attention to the interior and avoid formalism, we cant expect the same definitions and limits of conceptss of cosmopolitanism in two viewpoints due to the differences between their views and definitions of the world, homeland and man. Therefore, this article compares these thoughts streams with descriptive-analytical method to discover their similarities and differences in cosmopolitanism approaches. The result of the research shows that components such as unity of religions, unity of prophets, unity of existence, humanism and ignoring human differences and avoiding formalism are among the commonalities of the cosmopolitanism school with Rumi's thoughts. However, Rumi didnt use homeland in a political sense and considered the world of meaning as well as the beginning world of origin to be the main home of humans, but in the idea of cosmopolitanism school, homeland is this material land with clear borders and geographic coordinates .

Corporeal communication is a clear expression of non-verbal communication by means of the body and its nuances that takes shape in interpersonal relationships. This form of communication may be intentional or unintentional and be accompanied by verbal features or not, and functions as an extra-linguistic factor. In Persian literature, Anvari is among the poets who have used corporeal elements in their compositions; in particular, these are common in Anvari’s ghazals (~sonnets). The present study, employing a descriptive-analytical methodology and drawing on a philosophical theory of the body, examines twelve approaches in a total of forty of his ghazals. The research findings indicate that the highest frequency of corporeal approaches in Anvari's ghazals belonged to the ‘aesthetic’ approach, which enhances the artistic aspect of his ghazals. Other approaches, in the order of frequency, included: political approach; psychological approach; socio-cultural approach; biological approach; existential approach; gender approach; philosophical approach; metaphysical approach; and, semiotic approach. The abundance of these approaches and their distribution in Anvari's ghazals not only reveals the intrinsic essence of his poetry, but also reflects the predominant style of non-mystical poetry in the sixth century AH, which, in addition to being meaningful and thoughtful, is primarily form-oriented and crafted through linguistic finesse.

In this article, the subject of Persian calligraphy and art of calligraphy is examined with an educational and psychological-educational approach. The important point and the main issue is the Persian script and its teaching. In the current research, the necessity of teaching easy calligraphy to elementary school students has been suggested by looking at the "Khat Da'i treatise" and the use of calligraphy in the calligraphy of some books, especially in the field of education. The treatise Khat Da'i authored by Seyyed Mohammad Ali Da'i al-Islam (1330-1255) has not been published so far, and two copies of its lithography have been the basis of this writing; With an educational and psychological approach, Dai-ul-Islam, while teaching Persian calligraphy to his son, had come to the conclusion that teaching Nashq or Nastaliq calligraphy is far easier and more mental than other scripts, and perhaps it is more practical in calligraphy and typography.In this article, the author, based on a psychological approach based on Howard Gardner's "multiple intelligence" theory, and some researches based on it, while referring to the researches conducted on the subject of the type of applied line for teaching beginners, the use of In the field of education and calligraphy, he considers the script to be useful for beginners instead of the artistic and special lines of calligraphy and calligraphy.