فصلنامه روابط خارجی
پیاپی 58 (تابستان 1402)

In this article, the Ukrainian crisis and its impact on the world order are discussed. International politics in the perspective of realists based on concepts such as: pragmatism; The priority of order over justice,, the balance of power and the need to achieve a stable order, on the consensus of the great powers. Kissinger has been highly regarded due to his influential political and theoretical history, as well as his active presence in the heart of several complex international crises and his initiatives he to solve the crises. Therefore, there is this capacity in him and his theoretical and comparative views that a research can be built based on the framework of his scientific and political opinions alone. He defines world order as a set of concepts accepted by a region about what are just relations and distribution of power that they believe should be applied to the whole world. The Ukraine crisis has challenged the existing world order with the expansion of the West towards Russia after the Cold War. Ukraine's distance from a balanced approach between East and West has brought this crisis to a conflict, and the most important effect of this conflict on the world order is to change Russia's geographical perception of its position. The effects of this crisis will not be limited to pushing Russia out of European geography and it will show its effects on security complexes in the world. The most profound aspect of this influence is the strengthening of the image of the East by joining Russia to the Eastern geography.

The research is based on the premise that the regional order of the Middle East is transitioning from a hegemonic order to a complex and uncertain situation and it tries to rely on the tools of "trend study"and research in security campaigns at the national, regional and international to predict the future order of the Middle East. Therefore, while explaining the current transition situation, it answers the question of what indicators and signs will the future order of the Middle East follow and what is the ruling model? Based on the hypothesis of the research, the change in the regional order patterns of the Middle East is taking place gradually and with a process nature. National, regional and international trends indicate the reduction of direct intervention of great powers and the strengthening of regional alliances in the future of Middle East conflicts. The main drivers of this development are the transformation of the logic of coalition building in the Middle East, the redefinition of patterns of regional interaction and confrontation, the weakness of the Arabs' traditional balancing act towards Iran, and the common understanding of the threat from the regional role of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Based on the findings of the research, parallel to the process of peace building in Hebrew-Arab relations, Iran will become one of the main axes of confrontation in the future of the Middle East.

The Islamic Republic of Iran, as an actor in the international system, is not exempt from this rule, and therefore the present study examines the relationship between these interests in the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The actions and reactions of Iran's foreign policy should be noted that since the victory of the Islamic Revolution, due to its Islamic and revolutionary value nature, which is manifested in the text and essence of the constitution and gives direction to all the affairs of the country, and which became the leader and policy of the revolutionaries and ruling elites, we are witnessing an identity-oriented approach. Although in most countries, values and norms are influential in foreign policy approaches to some degree, but ideological interests have a significant contribution in policy making and implementation of Iran's foreign policy and are considered as strategic principles. Of course, this does not mean that the thinkers and founders of the revolution were oblivious to the importance of national and objective interests and the efforts to achieve them, or did not attach importance to them, but in general in foreign policy and above all the macro policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran. We are faced with the duality of national and ideological interests and a smart and dynamic combination of them and sometimes one overpowering the other according to the time and place requirements and the current domestic and international conditions.

The developments in West Asia and the spread of popular uprisings in the region have quickly led to different decisions by actors in their foreign policy. Iran's geopolitical capacities and its national security have been strongly influenced by the regional environment of the Middle East. After the Islamic Revolution of Iran, the formation of a coalition of Arab countries living on the periphery of the Persian Gulf under the leadership of Saudi Arabia forced Iran to adopt a deterrence strategy through the creation of a regional coalition within the framework of the axis of resistance. One of the most important applications of any military is the use of appropriate methods to maintain regional security for it, and the theoretical basis is based on the theory that just as specific internal strategies are considered to maintain the country's security, overseas strategies are also used. The present research, with descriptive and analytical method, specifically seeks to answer the question, what is the position of Syria in the deterrence strategy of the Islamic Republic of Iran against regional and international threats? The findings of the research indicate that Iran has defense layers in Syria, Iraq, Lebanon and Yemen, that Syria has not taken an aggressive side, but its basic goal is to create a deterrent and defensive system to deal with threatening sources in the region.Keywords: strategy, regional security, Syria, Islamic Republic of Iran, deterrence

Middle East with a focus on Afghanistan between 2009-2022. It tells that one of the most important aspects of the foreign policies of the United States is around the Middle East and the West Asian region, and all the strategies and policies announced and America's action regarding the developments in the region and Afghanistan is very important for the situation in the Middle East region, considering the recent developments, i.e. the coming to power of the Taliban in this country. In the following article, library sources are used to collect information. In this regard, by using the theory of realism, we are looking for an answer to the question that the foreign policy doctrine of the United States of America has undergone in the Middle East between 2009-2022 based on the approach of looking to the east and cost management. The changes and evolutions of American security doctrine in West Asia from 2009 to 2022 based on coalition building and cost management in the region, pursuing interests through allies, also due to looking to the East and the costs incurred in the Middle East, witnessed changes including The reduction of military involvement has been the fight against al-Qaeda in Afghanistan and the reduction of all-round involvement in West Asia. As a result, by announcing the new strategic priority of competing with big powers and especially China, it has made a change in its strategy and by focusing on increasing its presence in East Asia, it seeks to optimize its presence in the whole world. The Middle East is not exempt

the countries are taking steps towards drawing a road map of parliamentary diplomacy, according to their internal capacities and regional and global requirements. Parliamentary diplomacy plays a significant role in the realization of foreign policy priorities through the synergy of intellectual and physical capacities. The purpose of this article is to evaluate the role of parliamentary diplomacy in strengthening the country's national security. The findings show that parliamentary diplomacy at both national and transnational levels has many capacities to strengthen the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran. At the national level, by using tools such as legislation and monitoring the performance of the government, it has many capabilities to influence the field of security. Also, at the transnational level, by using tools such as friendship groups and active participation in regional and international parliaments, it can become the basis for strengthening convergence at the regional and international levels and strengthening the national security of Iran. Because, using the legislative and regulatory tools of parliaments at the national and transnational level, can lead to regional development and balanced prosperity in national territory, and as a result, by reducing national insecurities, provide the basis for strengthening regional and international security. In fact, the expansion of systematic regional and global cooperation of the parliaments of the world based on the promotion of peace, stability and security, can not only play an effective role in reducing regional and global conflicts, but will also promotion of the national security.

Cultural diplomacy is an intercommunication of ideas, information, art, and other aspects of culture among nations and people to amplify mutual comprehension between them. The object of this study was to present a cultural diplomacy model for the Islamic Republic of IRAN. This qualitative study was implemented using grounded theory and the Strauss and Corbin paradigm model. The data were collected through in-depth interview through a purposive sampling between professors, pundits, cultural attaches, and actors involved in the various fields of cultural diplomacy in Iran. After reaching theoretical saturation with 24 interviews and analyzing the data through three stages of open coding, axial coding, and selective coding, the desired model was developed based on grounded theory. Cultural development, political development, and communication development were considered as causal conditions. Adherence to principles, values, and policies, cultural geography, Islam and Shiism, educational infrastructure, media and cyberspace, religious and spiritual, civilization and cultural heritage, cultural-scientific, institutional, Iranian lifestyle, cultural and social possibility, literary and artistic, humanistic, political; cultural agents; ideological nature were considered as contextual conditions and threats, opportunities, environmental variables, internal weaknesses, and deficiencies as intervention conditions. Strategies included diversification of strategies and tools, actions update, development of actors, strengthening infrastructure, and upgrading the structure and management pattern. The consequences included national security interests, religious and revolutionary ideological development, cultural reproduction, economic growth in the context of culture, Understanding and sustainable peace, strengthening legitimacy and international prestige.

A long time has passed since the forced separation of the neighbors from Iran's civilized territory; This civilizational center, with its position as a crossroads in the geography of West Asia, has always had a legacy of hidden and open threats from its neighbors. Among Iran's 15 neighbors, Afghanistan is the unic among others; Because in the past few decades, Iran has been at the forefront of threats of Afghanistan. With the Rushing out of America from Afghanistan, the balance of power once again changed in favor of the Taliban, and the security puzzle of Afghanistan took on new dimensions. Therefore, the authors were looking for an answer to the question: "What are the ideal strategies of the Islamic Republic of Iran to regulate the neighborhood relations with the Afghanistan?" The research inputs have been collected in the library method and analyzed in the framework of components of security, neighborhood policy and economic diplomacy; The methodology of the text has a descriptive-analytical. The findings of the research show that the Islamic Republic of Iran should adjust its relations with its eastern neighbor with a strategic approach in such a way that through active economic diplomacy and gaining the support of the international community, it can deal with the triple threats reproduced in Turn the Afghanistan field of the Taliban into economic and security opportunities for yourself. The result of the research showed that it is possible to solve the security mystery of Afghanistan with the effectiveness of Iran's economic diplomacy and the cooperation of effective regional and extra-regional actors.