نشریه اقتصاد دفاع و توسعه پایدار
پیاپی 30 (زمستان 1402)

This study examines the structure and the degree of concentration of the global arms market during the 2015-2021 period. To achieve this purpose, it draws on the SIPRI arms industries database concerning the sales of the top 100 arms-producing and military services companies in the world to determine the market share of various countries during the years under review. Accordingly, to determine the degree of market concentration and the structure of the global arms market at the country level, the study analyses various absolute and relative concentration indices including the concentration ratio of the top k-country, Herfindahl-Hirschman index, Hanna-Kay index, Hall-Tiedman index, Rosenbluth index, the extensive industrial concentration index, Hause index, U index, relative entropy index, logarithmic variance of country size and Gini coefficient.The results obtained indicate that based on concentration indicators, market concentration in the arms industry has increased slightly during the period understudy. Furthermore, the intensity of market concentration in the arms industry is very high and the structure of the arms market can be described as a closed multilateral monopoly.

The complexities inherent in the Iranian economy and increasing external pressures necessitate changes in the country's economic policies in order to initially, increase the ability of the country to withstand external pressures, and thereafter to foster growth, progress, and development over the longer-term horizon. The country's policies, upstream documents, and the directives of the Supreme Leader emphasize the necessity of moving towards a strategy economy resiliency as a solution for the development of sustainable businesses. Therefore, the aim of this research is to identify the factors influencing the development of businesses based on the economic resiliency doctrine. To achieve this goal, we utilized the Meta-synthesis approach to identify the factors influencing the development. This research conducted a systematic review of relevant texts, identifying and extracting 190 valid scientific texts and 43 research articles published during the 2014-2024 period. Thereafter, the Meta-Synthesis approach was employed to analyze the content of these texts. Subsequently, key codes were identified, clustered, and organized into concepts and components using Atlas.ti software.Finally, the factors influencing the development of businesses based on the Economic Resiliency Doctrine were extracted and classified into 14 themes, 49 concept categories, and 290 distinct codes. These themes include: policies and laws, cultural factors, organizational factors, business environment factors, government initiatives and support, economic factors, company and product-related factors, entrepreneurship, characteristics of a resilient economy, technology and infrastructure, competitive factors, personal factors, psychological factors, and socio-demographic factors.

Currently many countries around the world attempt to attract foreign capital in order to overcome the lack of internal resources for investment. There are various methods for financing projects which include taking on foreign debts, drawing on domestic savings, attracting foreign investment, etc. However, the characteristic that distinguishes foreign direct investment as a unique alternative in this field is the investor’s participation in the economic activity and sharing in the resulting profits and capital losses.
This study examines the relationship between foreign direct technological investment in Iran with the point origin of the investment: the first block comprising of regional countries with friendly relations (Block 1), and the second block comprising of developed western countries and their allies (Block 2) during the years 1993 to 2022, with particular attention to the conditions imposed by sanctions. This study was based on the Bayesian Vector Autoregression (BVAR) model. According to the obtained results, Iran's human development index (HDI) has a positive relationship with the technology spillover from foreign direct investment, which confirms the important impact of educational investment on the point of origin of this form of foreign direct investment. Moreover, the structural and substantive difference between the foreign direct investment emanating from the two Blocks is evident in terms of technology level, and therefore the impact of sanctions in the short term on technology spillover by foreign direct investment from Block2 countries is greater than that of this form of investment from Block1 countries.

Sustainable development in the banking industry can be defined as the comprehensive development of banking strategies that lead to sustainable economic development. Thereby, banking strategies include a set of operations and strategies that make the bank economically, environmentally and socially viable. Accordingly in early stages, banks focus on transforming internal banking operations, including the use of renewable energies, automation and other measures in order to minimize carbon emission through banking activities. Subsequently, they adopt environmentally friendly financing methods and assess the environmental risks of their projects before making financial decisions. Such application of green strategies in the banking sector is not only environmentally beneficial, but further brings many benefits such as reducing credit risk, reducing costs and increasing the reputation of the bank as an organization that supports environmental causes. Furthermore, through the utilization of social media, banks can aid in designing more efficient means to attract customers. By monitoring the data generated through social media, banks can analyze customer reactions to products offered by competitors and adopt appropriate strategies to increase customer satisfaction and attract new customers. On the other hand, it could lead to the improvement of performance and the reducing banking risks. Therefore, the purpose of this research is "sustainable development of the banking industry through the utilization of social media with an emphasis on customer participation". The research methodology of this paper combines qualitative and quantitative methods, and the data for this study was collected through conducting interviews and questionnaires. The findings of the research show that the categories to be presented in the visual model can be placed under five categories: causal conditions (4 sub0categories), background or context (2 subcategories), intervening conditions (3 subcategories), strategies (3 subcategories), consequences (3 subcategories). Finally, the results show the significance of the relations and components of the presented model. Hence, the results show that social media can play a role in the development of the banking industry by enabling the participation of customers in banking activities.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the asymmetric effects of monetary policy on GDP during periods of recessions and prosperity via examining the role of credit channels (bank lending). Using the non-linear Markov switching pattern _which has the ability to track structural changes_ the research variables were examined during the 1987 to 2021 period. Based on the results obtained through the Markov switching model tests, the value of the width from the center in the first regime was 0.109743, which is representative of the boom period. On the other hand, the value of the width from the center of the second regime is -0.129524, which can be considered as the recession period. The sum of the coefficients of the logarithm of the volume of liquidity has a negative effect on the logarithm of the GDP during the boom period, and a positive effect during the recession period. Moreover, the results obtained from the Wald test also confirmed the asymmetry of the effect of monetary policy on GDP in different economic regimes. The analysis of instantaneous reaction functions in the model with credit channel also shows the greater intensity of monetary policy effects compared to the model without credit channel. Additionally, at beginning of periods the effects of the shocks on the liquidity volume variable are significant in both cases. Subsequently, these effects tend to zero in the following periods and the effects of the shocks disappear.