نشریه پژوهش در آموزش زیست شناسی
سال سوم شماره 2 (پیاپی 9، پاییز و زمستان 1400)

This study examines some issues and problems in learning biology from the perspective of high school students and identifies the reasons that lead to these problems. The method used in this research is narrative analysis. For this purpose, in this research, an attempt has been made to collect the opinions, experiences and suggestions of the students of the twelfth grade of high schools of the university and the sample of boys in districts 1 and 2 of Zahedan in the academic year 1400-1401. Identify biology lessons that make it difficult for students to learn, and provide effective solutions to reduce students' learning problems in biology lessons. The findings of this study show that important factors such as the nature of subjects, teaching methods, students 'learning and study habits, students' negative feelings and attitudes towards subjects and lack of resources to obtain more information and insufficient teaching time in creating Students' learning difficulties are effective and make it difficult for students to learn and understand the concepts of biology.

Genetic concepts are divided into three main levels, macroscopic, microscopic, and sub-microscopic. In order to study the understanding of the students of the twelfth year of the experimental field, biology graduate skills students, and biology student teachers semester 7 in the connection between the ideas and concepts of these three levels, Various questions were asked by the audience who wanted to use molecular concepts and processes to bridge the gap between these levels in understanding genetics. The results of this cross-sectional study showed that students and some student teachers can’t understand the microscopic and sub-microscopic levels of genetics. Skills students had a better cellular and molecular understanding of genetic events than the other two groups. The difficulty for students in understanding the connection of concepts is that the concepts and genetic processes belong to different levels of the organization and these people have not been able to analyze the relationship between the levels. Based on our findings, it is necessary to consider improvements in both teaching methods and curriculum content.

The general purpose of this study was to develop and standardize an Achievement test to measure student learning in the biology program at the secondary school. Both classical and IRT models were used to address the research objectives of the study. The preliminary instrument consisted of 150 multiple-choice items that on a sample size of 300 male and female students were performed. The final instrument was two parallel forms of 50 items that were performed on a normative sample of 938 male and female students in Shiraz. The Estimated reliability coefficient for internal consistency with test forms was 0.89, and 0.88, respectively. Based on factor analysis; both forms of the test were an overall factor saturated. Results showed there is no significant difference between the mean scores of boys and girls. So standardized and percentile Norms for all subjects were calculated. Findings from the IRT analysis showed that more than %92 of the items are significantly fitted to Three-Parameter Logistic Model. Test information function was a bell-shaped curve and over a wide ability range from -0.5 to +2.5 provides more information. Also, the maximum information was provided at +1.5 from the ability continuum. Based on this, it can be concluded that the Biology Achievement Test provides a more accurate estimate of the True score of subjects whose ability level is higher than the average ability continuum.

This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of virtual and face-to-face education on students' learning. The research method is semi-experimental. The statistical population is high school girls of the 2nd high school of region 15. The studied sample is 57 students from the twelfth grade of the experimental field studying in the year 1400-1401. The sampling method was cluster random. The research tool was the teacher-made test at the end of the first semester in January and the national test at the end of the second semester in June of Biology 3. The analysis method of one-sample t-test and paired t-test was performed using spss24 software. The T value obtained from the examination of the virtual education method test is equal to 11.977 and since this value is higher than the critical T value of ±1.96, as a result, the effect of virtual education is accepted at the confidence level of 99% (p<0.01) and this The effect is higher than the desired situation. The value of T obtained from the examination of face-to-face training methods is 2.579 and since this value is higher than the critical T value of ±1.96, as a result, the effect of face-to-face training is accepted at the confidence level of 99% (p<0.01) and It can be argued that face-to-face teaching methods have had an effect in the 3rd biology course, and this effect is higher than the desired situation. Paired t-test shows that the average difference of virtual training (3.95), at the level (p<0.01) is more effective than face-to-face training.

The research purpose is to determine the adaptation degree of the content of the biology book based on Guilford's creativity factors. The method is a descriptive-survey type of content analysis. The statistical papulation is the 11th grade biology book and the study sample is the book botanical content. The research tool is the content analysis form by the researcher according to Guilford's model of creativity factors. A four-stage coding scheme was used for content analysis. In the first stage, the content was divided into four parts (text, assignments and activities, pictures and tables). In the second, Guilford's four categories of creativity, including cognitive memory, convergent thinking, divergent thinking, and evaluative thinking, were defined. at Third, the units were matched with the desired classes and recorded in the relevant tables. at fourth, units at different levels of creativity were identified and counted. validity of the research tool was calculated based on the opinions of education experts and the reliability was calculated with the Holstein formula (0.91). The results showed more attention was paid to cognitive memory and convergent thinking levels in the studied sample, while the contents of divergent thinking content were at appropriate level and evaluative content was at a low level. Although the content dedicated to memory-cognitive thinking and convergent thinking has a higher level, the level of divergent content in new books has also grown appropriately and provides creativity. it seems necessary to pay attention to divergent thinking and evaluative thinking in preparing the contents of this section.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of carotenoids according to the reference of the biology textbook to the antioxidant properties and improving the immune system function in the conditions of the COVID-19 epidemic in order to learn about plant physiology and biotechnology in the field. It is practical. Due to the fact that carotenoids are presented in the textbook under the title of colors in plants in the 10 th grade plant seasons, and usually, due to the nature of plant seasons, students have less connection with these topics than other fields of biology. And considering that the biology teacher should make an effort in the field of active and up-to-date education, especially in communicating the subjects with the environment and the daily life of the learners, in this research, it has been tried to connect one of the subjects in the plant field with another. One of the main topics of the day is to examine the epidemic of COVID-19 . The research method in this article is descriptive and analytical, and according to this issue, in this research, the relationship of carotenoids with strengthening the immune system and examples of the antiviral roles of carotenoids have been investigated by referencing 40 articles in Latin in the spring of 2022. Is. The results of this research showed that carotenoids can target the inflammation caused by viral infections, and diets rich in carotenoids may be factors that prevent the progression of the disease.