Journal of Nano Structures
Volume:14 Issue: 3, Summer 2024

The fabrication of two composites using polymers (A) and (B) reinforced with nano-Alumina in ratios of (8,4)%, respectively, was the main focus of this study. To study the effect of both the irradiation time and the effectiveness of the radioactive sources, the manufactured samples were exposed to different periods (1,2,3) days when irradiated with sources of different efficacy (Sr90), (Co60). From the results of the examination via the atomic force microscope, it was found that the rate of distribution of the granular sizes and the nature of the surface of composite B was affected when the irradiation time was increased, as well as when using different sources of effectiveness, while composite A was very weakly affected by these conditions. It was also noted that the mechanical properties were affected by the irradiation parameters, where we notice a decrease in the hardness values and an improvement in the impact strength of both compounds when the source efficiency increases and the irradiation duration increases. The infrared spectrum gave a great role in the irradiation time, and it affected the appearance and disappearance of beams when irradiated with different sources on the two complexes. In the case of composite A, the CH band disappeared on the first day of irradiation with a source (Co60). The rest of the bands appeared, but with varying intensity and frequency, with a slight displacement when the irradiation source changed. It was also noticed that there was a disappearance of the same beam for the composite (B) but on the third day of exposure to the (Sr90) source. This disappearance or displacement of the beams indicates a kind of disintegration in the polymer chains. Increasing the percentage of nanopowder addition to the composite improves the mechanical.

The laser ablation (PLA) method was used with different laser pulses to make copper oxide/polyvinyl alcohol (CuO/PVA) nanocomposite thin films. The effect of laser pulses on the optical, structural, morofigical, and roughness properties was investigated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results confirmed the formation of CuO nanoparticles (NPs) after ablation of the target surface with a pulsed laser beam with high crystallinity and purity. The direction of crystal growth was in the (002) plane.

A range of liquid compositions based on poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and including zinc and silver oxide nanoparticles have been developed. Other consistency-forming organic components were also present in the formulations. The products’ physicochemical characteristics have been ascertained. They have had their density and pH evaluated. Moreover, the compositions were also examined under a microscope and by SEM. Adding metallic nanoparticles and metal oxide enhanced the items with antibacterial qualities. Their ability to impede the growth of germs has been verified in instances involving Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and E. coli. Owing to their solidification properties, the compositions can be applied to surfaces contaminated with bacteria. Once the microorganisms are destroyed and the material solidifies, it can be separated from the dead bacterial layer by peeling off.

Desulfurization of petroleum derivatives is a topic of interest to researchers because compounds containing sulfur are harmful in the oil refining process and cause problems such as deactivation of catalysts and corrosion in pipelines and refining equipment. In order to improve the efficiency of desulfurization of dibenzothiophene, copper bismuth oxide/reduced graphene oxide (Bi7.38Cu0.62O11.69/rGO) nanocomposite was synthesized by a simple sonochemical method for the first time. The synthesized nanocomposite was identified by FESEM, FT-IR, XRD, DRS, and EDS analyses. Based on XRD analysis, pure copper bismuth oxide is formed using hydrazine, while using sodium hydroxide does not lead to the desired product. FESEM images showed that the size of Bi7.38Cu0.62O11.69 particles decreases in the presence of rGO. The desulfurization results showed that the presence of rGO causes a significant increase in efficiency due to increased light absorption and reduced recombination rate, so that Bi7.38Cu0.62O11.69/rGO nanocomposite has an efficiency of 87%, while pure Bi7.38Cu0.62O11.69 has an efficiency of 68%. Also, it was found that the purity of the copper bismuth oxide has a great effect on the photocatalytic efficiency, so that by calcining the product and removing the impurities, the efficiency increases from 55% to 68%.

For environmentally friendly applications, the impact of Multi walled Carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on the optical and structural characteristics of a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) blend has been investigated in this work. PVA blends loaded with MWCNTs (0 to 3% weight per cent) were equipped using the spin coating method. These movies were then analyzed using a variety of methods. These film samples underwent AFM and UV-visible analysis. The surface morphology of thin films was investigated using the atomic force microscope (AFM) technique. The results unequivocally demonstrated the similarity of the created films. The concentration of (MWCNTs) enhanced the average grain diameter, roughness and Root Mean Square (RMS) value. When MWCNT content is raised to 3 weight per cent, the direct energy gap of the composite blends decreases from 4.181 to 4.167 eV, according to UV-visible analysis. We investigate the effects of MWCNT amounts on the optical properties of different mixes. This study advances the continuous development of Nano composites, particularly by improving the gas sensor’s increased sensitivity.

This study focused on the synthesis of a variety of Schiff bases and their corresponding tetrazole derivatives. The Schiff bases were prepared by reacting quinaldic acid hydrazide with different aromatic aldehydes, followed by cyclization with sodium azide to form tetrazoles. The structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed using spectroscopic techniques including FT-IR, XRD, FESEM, and ¹H and ¹³C-NMR. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was utilized to verify the purity of the compounds. The biological properties of the synthesized compounds were investigated against two bacterial species (Staphylococcus epidermidis and Escherichia coli) and a fungal species (Candida albicans). Furthermore, blind molecular docking studies were performed to identify potential binding sites of these compounds within bacterial and fungal receptors. The antioxidant properties of several compounds were also examined, demonstrating antioxidant activity in some of the selected compounds. The results indicated that the synthesized tetrazole derivatives have significant biological and antioxidant activities, making them potential candidates for further pharmaceutical development.

This paper outlines the process of creating polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) composites by adding different amounts (0, 1, 2, 3, and 4) of Y2O3 and SrCO3 nanoparticles (NPs) by the solution casting method. The OM pictures demonstrated the emergence of interconnected pathways inside the polymeric matrix as electrically charged particles, which intensified with greater concentrations of nanoparticles.  The structural features of the nanocomposite were analyzed using Fourier transformation spectroscopy (FTIR) to obtain information on molecular vibration. FTIR analysis revealed that the polymer matrix exhibited interactions with the added Y2O3 and SrCO3 nanoparticles. The FTIR analysis has shown the existence of physical interactions between Y2O3 and SrCO3 nanoparticles and the PVA polymer matrix. The nanocomposite surface was analyzed using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM). It was discovered that the Y2O3 and SrCO3 nanoparticles were evenly and uniformly dispersed throughout the PVA polymer matrix. An increase in the ratio of Y2O3 and SrCO3 nanoparticles in the PVA led to an increase in absorbance, absorption coefficient, refractive index, extinction coefficient, real and energy band gap. However, the transmittance and indirect energy gap decreased. The absorbance coefficient is below 104 cm-1, indicating an occurrence of indirect electron transition. Finally, the PVA/Y2O3/SrCO3 nanocomposites were tested for the antibacterial against both gram positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and gram-negative Escherichia coli (E. coli). The result obtained that the inhibition zone diameter increased with increasing Y2O3 and SrCO3 NPs. The PVA/Y2O3/SrCO3 nanocomposite exhibited antibacterial activity.

Nanotechnology is a young scientific field that holds great promise for solving several issues across various domains. The concept of synthesizing nanoparticles from their respective metals has been introduced by the combination of nanotechnology with other scientific disciplines such as chemistry, biology, and physics. Numerous kinds of nanoparticles have been created to date and are employed in numerous industries for a range of purposes. Additionally, scientists are drawn to Copper nanoparticles due to their notable and extensive bioactivity. Copper nanoparticles have been employed as possible antibacterial agents in numerous biomedical applications because of their high surface area to volume ratio. However, overuse of any metal nanoparticle raises the possibility of harm to people other animals and the environment.

In the realm of biomedical applications, substantial interest has been drawn to gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) because of their distinctive characteristics. However, their biocompatibility and potential toxicity remain a concern. This study aims to evaluate the biocompatibility and toxicity of AuNPs in NMRI mice. The synthesis and characterization of AuNPs in three distinct sizes - 10, 20, and 50 nm - were accomplished through the dual application of DLS (dynamic light scattering), which measures hydrodynamic size, and TEM (transmission electron microscopy), which reveals particle morphology, allows for a multifaceted investigation of nanomaterials. NMRI mice were randomly divided into four groups (n=10 per group): control, AuNP-10, AuNP-20, and AuNP-50. A one-time intravenous injection of either AuNPs (at a concentration of 1 mg per kg of body mass) or a saline solution (serving as the control) was given to the experimental mice. Body weight, food intake, and clinical signs were monitored daily for 14 days. For the purpose of conducting hematological and biochemical examinations, specimens of blood were obtained from the subjects. Histopathological examinations of major organs were performed. AuNPs were successfully synthesized and characterized, showing uniform size distribution and stability. No significant differences in body weight, food intake, or clinical signs were observed among the groups. Hematological and biochemical parameters remained within normal ranges, with no significant alterations. Histopathological examinations revealed no abnormalities or signs of toxicity in the major organs. The AuNPs demonstrated excellent biocompatibility and did not induce any significant toxicity in NMRI mice at the administered dose.

In this investigation nano-sized copper oxide (CuO) powders have been prepared by the sol-gel method. The crystalline structure and morphology of the particles have been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that the different preparation conditions such as concentration of reactant, calcinations time and calcinations temperature have a significant effect on the properties of CuO nano powders. Among the factors that influence final size of particles, the calcination temperature has the most influence. Optimum sample was attained at the concentration of 0.1 molar for copper nitrate and 1 molar for Sodium hydroxide, at 160oC calcination temperature, and 3 hours calcination time. While the density of copper nitride and sodium hydroxide are 0.1 M and 1M, respectively, pure copper oxide (CuO) is obtained. By raising the portion of the copper nitride density to that of sodium hydroxide, a new phase was appeared (Cu2O). However, the particles’ size became smaller. Stirring time is lengthened and no noticeable changes in the degree of purity and the particles size occurred.

This thesis is concerned with preparing a nanocomposite surface consisting of (red blood cell membranes and polyethyleneimine and characterizing the prepared compound using different techniques. The surface was prepared in several steps. Red blood cell membranes were extracted from human blood through the main blood bank and collected in a Petri dish. The prepared polymers were also added in a ratio of 1:3 to each of the red blood cell membranes and polymers. Polymers are considered solid materials at a temperature of 50 C. Then the compositional, chemical and surface properties of the nanoparticles of the prepared surface were characterized and studied using techniques (FT-IR, XRD and SEM) from its aqueous solutions in several ways. The results indicated that the adsorption process was S-type according to Giles classification and the equilibrium time was 70 min for CV, on CP. Similarly, the analyses showed that the measurements of adsorption for the one dye decreased with increasing temperature at equilibrium, which means that the adsorption was exothermic. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were used, and the results showed that the (model Freundlich isotherm) is fit with the experimental data, as it gives correlation coefficients (R2) greater than Langmuir’s correlation coefficients.

The current study uses the casting method to make PMMA/ZnSe/Si nanocomposites and then looks at their structural and optical properties. From the XRD, it found the nature amorphas for the PMMA and with additive high loading (7 wt.%) for the ZnSe and Si NPs, the nature amorphas for the PMMA convert to the polycrystalline. The Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) analysis showed that the ZnSe and Si nanoparticles were uniformly distributed throughout the PMMA matrix polymers. The images taken with an optical microscope showed the growth of network pathways for charge carriers within the polymeric matrix. These pathways got stronger as the number of nanoparticles increased. The PMMA/ZnSe/Si nanocomposites have better optical qualities and can absorb more UV light. Because of this behavior, the nanocomposites might be useful in optoelectronics. The optical properties of nanocomposites, like their absorbance, attenuation coefficient, refractive index, real and imaginary dielectric constants, and optical conductivity, get better as the amounts of ZnSe and Si nanoparticles used rise. This nanocomposites’ transmittance, on the other hand, goes down as the number of nanoparticles goes up. The optical energy gap for allowed indirect transitions drops from 4.4 eV to 3.2 eV at a concentration of 7 wt.%. For banned indirect transitions, it drops from 4.3 eV to 3.1 eV. The narrowing of the energy band gap is very good for many fields that use optical devices.