فصلنامه اقتصاد مقداری
سال دوم شماره 4 (پیاپی 7، زمستان 1384)

This paper proceeds to assess the effectiveness of real exchange rate variations on investment of eight industry sub-sections of Iran during 1971-2000. To do this, a flexible acceleration-base investment model was used. In this model, the level of desired capital stock, and accordingly, investment determined by valve added, imports of capital goods, exchange rate premium and real exchange rate variables were taken into account. In view of the fact that the exchange rate affects investment through two cost channels, the revenue results showed a double effect on investment of different industries. The direction of this effect is related to the characteristics and structures of industries under consideration.

Using panel data in econometrics analysis has, often, several advantages over cross-sectional or time-series data. Panel data blend the inter-individual differences and intra-individual dynamics. It is frequently argued that ignoring the effects of certain variables in model specification leads to inefficiency of econometric estimates. Therefore, panel data containing information on both the inter-temporal dynamics and the individuality of the entities allow to control the effects of missing or unobserved variables better than cross-sectional data which may be viewed as a panel with T =1, or time series data which is a panel with N=1. Areas of application of panel data modeling have only been increasing over the past years and there is no doubt that the range is going to expand further. This article reviews the structure and application of panel data in econometrics and studies the most relevant tests such as Hausman specification tests of the orthogonality of the random effects and regressors. The present research pays more attention to various panel data unit root and cointegration tests including IPS, LL, MW and CADF which have not been elaborated yet, particularly in the Iranian economic studies.

The role of direct external investment in employment in the host country is twofold: first, with the enterance of multi-nationality corporations into the country, due to the high utility of these corporations, the damand for skilled labor forces in that country will increase. Second is the spillover effect. That is, compared to the local corporations, multi-nationality ones have higher benefits. Thus, trying to narrow the existing gap, the local corporations tend to compete the foreign factories. Achieving this which needs employing similar foreign technology and skilled labor force will lead to the spillover effect of foreign corporations on local ones. In this research, the spillover effect of direct foreign investment on factory industries was tested using factory industries data (segmented into two-digit groups ISIC) of the period 1997-2004 with the help of panel data combination method. Results showed that, in contrast with other industries, the spillover effect of direct foreign investment on oil-related industries will emerge in form of increase in demand for skilled labor forces.

Since the possibilities and Sources as generally and economic activities as specially have been distributed undesirability, thus, each region with special properties, needs a special program. In order to plan such a program, we must recognize the past and present situation of each region with good scientific methods. In so doing, referring to the data in 1994 and 2003 and using the tow methods such as factor analyziz and numerical taxonomy, the researcher selected the agriculture section as the basis of study to determine the relative level of agricultural development of Loyestan cities. The data showed that, in 2003 compared to 1994, 77.78 percent of cities in Lorestan province have had improvement, and 22.22 percent have had undesirable situation. Also, inequality among cities in agriculture has been declined about 6.96 percent in this period.

House is one of the essential needs of human being and any shortcoming in it can cause a lot of problems in other parts especially in industry, employment and the whole demand. Most of the private investments in Iran is on house and house making. Considerable amount of investments are done in Tehran, although this big city has unique problems. There fore, studying the House-making is very important. In this survey, house is regarded as a different and multidimensional article and it's features are considered as the elements which have influence on the price of house. This study has used the HEDONIC PRICE method as one of the ways to see the responses of families towards the features of every house. Furthermore, the preferences of the user in the way of house features will be cleared. For this reason, we have used the statistics of the Iranian Ministry of Housing and city making in 2003 (1381) which includes the buying and selling in Tehran during that year. For doing this, all the information was prepared by Excel software at first and then with the software Eviews5 and Sur method. At last, it became clear that the ground and the building have more influence on the price of House in Tehran.

It goes without saying that the insufficient transport infrastructure and the inefficient services will directly affect the costs and the time needed for goods to reach destination. An improvement and progress in the country`s infrastructure can make a big difference in the costs of trade. Studies show that a 10 percent increase in the transport costs (largly due to poor infrastructure) has caused a 20 percent decrease in trade.This article tries to quantify the effects of transport infrastructure (rail and road) in the ECO region on the regional trade activities of Iran with other members of the organization. We hypothesize that there is a meaningful and positive relationship between the transport infrastructure and the flow of trade. Utilising panel data and the gravity model, the article shows that the volume of trade will decrease if the transport costs (geographical distance) increase, and the availability of the transport infrastructure increases the flow of trade

Technology is one of the most important factors in production of all industries as well as engineering industry in any country. Improving endogenous technology and simultaneous use of new technology which is imported is of great importance. This paper aims at investigating the relationship between production and technology management in engineering industry in India as one of the developing countries. Technology management is the optimal one for improving quality of products and reduction cost of production and development of engineering industry in India. The data was gathered for the period 1989-1999 using questionnaires, face to face interviews and secondary sources. The findings show three main problems: research and development, human resource development and, imported technology. Finally, to resolve these problems, the engineering industries of India needs to develop its own research and development of technology in industry for improve and update technology which they imported, and it has to be a joint effort by the government and the private sectors. And in relate of problem of human resource development, as much as industries develop their technology by importing technology, the manpower available need to be train in a right way to operate the imported technology.