Dental Research Journal
Volume:3 Issue: 1, Jan 2006

Introduction
Lidocaine plus epinephrine is the most common anesthetic drug used in dentistry which has important cardiovascular side-effects like increase in blood pressure and cardiac arrhythmia. The goal of this study was to evaluat cardiovascular effects of one cartridge of 2% lidocaine 1:80000 epinephrine.
Methods and Materials
60 Cases without any systemic diseases who had been admitted for right and lower molar tooth extraction were studied. For all of them, inferior alveolar nerve was blocked with one cartridge of %2 lidocaine 1:80000 epinephrine. Blood pressure and pulse rate were measured with Omron digital sphigmomanometer (model M4) and recorded in 5 stages (At the admit time until 10 minutes after injection), and compared with together.
Results
The findings of our study showed that injection of one Cartridge of 2% lidocaine 1:80000 epinephrine has negligible effects on blood pressure and pulse rate.
Discussion
Because of the minimum cardiovascular effects of one cartridge of %2 lidocaine 1:80000 epinephrine in healthy cases, it seems tobe safe for patients with mild cardiovascular disease.

Introduction
In this study, we have investigated the effect of using phosphoric acid on bonding efficacy of an all-in-one adhesive system, after salivary Contamination of dentin.
Methods and Materials
Eighty-four extracted human molars were prepared for their superficial dentins to be exposed. The molars separated into 7 groups. Group 1 specimens were not contaminated. In groups 2-4, samples were contaminated with fresh human saliva after applying and before curing the adhesive (in group 2, adhesive was rinsed, in group 3, adhesive was not rinsed, and in group 4, after rinsing the adhesive, phosphoric acid was applied, and then rinsed). In groups 5-7, contamination was done after adhesive curing (in group 5, only rinsing, in group 6, rinsing, and adhesive reapplication, and in group 7, rinsing, using phosphoric acid, rinsing and adhesive reapplication. Shear bond strength was measured and analyzed.
Results
There were statistically significant differences between group means, except groups 3 and 5. Groups 1 and 4 demonstrated higher bond strength than other groups.
Discussion
Using phosphoric acid may be effective, provided that the contamination occurs prior to curing of the adhesive.

Introduction
One of the limitations of tissue conditioners (TC) is gradual hardening of the material in a short time period after insertion in the mouth, due to the loss of their viscoelastic properties. The aim of this study was to determine the softness of two different tissue conditioners with and without the Monopoly coating.
Methods and Materials
In this experimental study, Acropars and Viscogel tissue conditioners were examined. Ten samples of each tissue conditioner were prepared, using 3×20 mm (h×d) aluminum cylindrical molds. Half of the samples in each group were coated with Monopoly coating. Samples were kept in a water bath at 37ºC and the hardness of their surfaces was measured (in Shore-A) after 1, 3, 7, 14, and 28 days. The results were analyzed using t-test, Multivariant ANOVA and Tucky posthoc test.
Results
There were significant differences in hardness (P < 0.05), comparing, the coated and uncoated Acropars (p=0.000), the coated and uncoated Viscogel (p=0.000), the coated Acropars and uncoated Viscogel (p=0.000), the coated Acropars and coated Viscogel (p=0.036), and the uncoated Acropars and coated Viscogel (p=0.000) samples.
Discussion
It was found that the hardness of all of the samples increased with time. For both tissue conditioners, the hardness of samples with coating was higher than of those without coating. This indicates that the Monopoly coating dose not protect the softness of these two tissue conditioners

Introduction
Microbial plaque is the main etiologic factor which causes disease in soft tissue around dental implants. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of plaque on health indicies of soft tissue around dental Implants.
Methods and Materials
45 patients with 211 dental implants were examined clinically for four years after prosthodontic treatment. Plaque index and health indices of soft tissue including pocket depth, attachment level, bleeding index, and gingival index were measured. The results were compared in two groups of zero and nonzero plaque. The repeated measured ANOVA and Friedman test were used for statistical data analysis.
Results
The results of this study showed that in the first group, in which the plaque index was zero, probing pocket depth, probing attachment level, bleeding index, and gingival index were lower than in the second group.
Discussion
According to the results of this study, aggregation and increase of plaque around dental implants decreases the health level of soft tissue around dental implants and its continuation may cause disease in protective tissues of the implant.

Introduction
Tongue is one of the most important organs in the oral cavity which has significant roles in different functions such as speaking, mastication, swallowing, breathing, etc. The tongue may be influenced by internal diseases sooner than other organs and also may be involved in some abnormalities that some are developmental and some of them are genetical and environmental. This study has been performed to measure the relative frequency of tongue anomalies in students in Borazjan city and to determine the relations of age and gender with these anomalies.
Methods and Materials
With randomized stratified clustered sampling, 1540 students were selected from primary, guidance and high school. Then these students were examined. Examination was performed with the natural light in the quiet and relax condition . Lips and cheeks were retracted with abslang and disposable mirror. The results were analysed with chi-square statistic test in SPSS.
Results
The prevalence of all tongue anomalies was 34.3% (geograpic tongue 4.8%, fissured tongue 11.8%, ankyloglossia 5%, median rhomboid glossitis 1.75%, and hairy tongue 0.8%
Discussion
The prevalence of tongue anomalies in this study is near to the results of some past studies but is defferent with some others. This study showed that tongue anomalies are more prevalent in males than in females but the difference between them was not statistically significant. this study also showed that the rate of tongue anomalies was not related with age.

Introduction
Inhalation sedation is used for pain and anxiety control in dentistry. Hypoxia is the most important side effect which can be detected using pulse oximetry, however, there are different opinions about the use of this instrument. This study has been designed to investigate this subject.
Methods and Materials
In this study, 32 adult patients from periodontal surgical department were selected for their surgical treatment to be performed under inhalation sedation with 50% oxygen and 50% nitrous oxide. Chances of hypoxia occurrence in these patients during and after surgery were evaluated, using pulse oximetry.
Result
Average arterial blood oxygen saturation before surgery was measured to be 98.8±0.61% while it was 99.4±0.17% during the surgery. Hypoxemia was seen in one case during the surgery. Average arterial blood oxygen saturation in the first and the fifth minute after disconnection from nitrous oxide were above 97%.
Discussion
Hypoxia occurred in one case which can be due to patient’s malaise and movement. Inhalation sedation may be administered without the use of pulse oximetry. However, if the observed hypoxia is a sign of real hypoxemia, we conclude that pulse oximetry is necessary during relative analgesia. Due to our lack of adequate experience with inhalation sedation, it is advisable to employ pulse oximetry for this type of sedation in dentistry

Introduction
The effects of periodontal diseases observed in adults have earlier inception in life period. Gingival diseases in a child may progress to jeopardize the periodontium in adult hood. Therefore, periodontal diseases must be prevented and diagnosed early in the life. Periodontal diseases risk factors must also be identified. The aim of this research was to find the prevalence and identify the risk factors of gingivitis among the children referred to Isfahan (Khorasgan) Azad University Dental School Clinic, Isfahan, Iran.
Methods and Materials
In this research, the prevalence of gingivitis and its related risk factors were determined in 360 school children referred to Isfahan Azad University Dental School clinic. A questionnaire was filled for each student in which some information regarding their parent''s education level, family income, and their school results were obtained. The habit of mouth breathing was also assessed. Then gingival, plaque, and oral hygiene indices were determined and recorded for each student.
Results
The prevalence of gingivitis was 73% among the children. With increasing the age from 6 to 11, the severity of gingivitis was increased. In all age groups, level of oral hygiene was superior in girls. Poor oral hygiene, mouth breathing, lower family income, and lower level of mother''s education had negative effects on gingival health.
Discussion
The high prevalence of gingivitis observed in this research showed that comprehensive educational, preventive, and therapeutic oral hygiene programmes are needed to be planned from early school years.

Introduction
An in vitro study was performed to determine the number and the type of root canals of mandibular incisor teeth in an Iranian population.
Methods and Materials
Sixty eight mandibular incisor teeth were immersed in India ink decalcified and cleared.
Results
It was found that 55.9% of the teeth had two canals that in 51.5% of them the canals merged into one canal before exiting the tooth through one apical foramen.
Discussion
Because of high percentage of two canals in lower mandibular incisors, there should be more attempt to detect the second canal during access preparation