مجله پژوهشهای حقوقی
پیاپی 12 (پاییز و زمستان 1386)

Resolution 1803 (2008) of the Security Council (SC) which adopted in accordance with the Chapter VII of the Charter is the fourth resolutions (the third sanction one). Despite the successful achievements of modalities and recent co-operations between Iran-IAEA Secretariat, it precedes concerns of the Council on the nuclear development in Iran. This is seemingly is due to Iran's non-compliance with the previous resolutions of the Council and one outstanding or unresolved issue named “alleged studies”, as well as non-implementation and ratification of the Additional Protocol of the NPT Safeguard agreements. … The adoption and continuation of the SC resolutions, seems to reflect legal positivism a theory of which is well-established in contemporary era, where political and other non-legal elements have efficient role in development of international norms, in particular decision-making in international organizations. However, this resolution is non proportional with factual dimensions of “Iran Nuclear Record”. Therefore, the Council should refrain from recourse to additional sanctions against Iran.

Provisions of the EUCP (2002) brings the documentary credit into the electronic age. Moving toward the electronic presentation of documentary credit will change the duties and responsibilities of the banks involved in the paper credit contracts. Although agent banks may be needed for the purposes of finance, risk-related purposes and political issues, such a change may diminish the banks roles. EUCP as a method of electronic payment has its own problems. This article examines the legal relations of the parties to an electronic letter of credit; its special cases such as electronic presentation of records (time and place of the presentation), hyperlinks, and changes in the electronic data in general and electronic records in particular, notions and methods of electronic survey of the records and etc.

Article 141 of the Constitution of IRI bans holding more than one public job. The way article 141 is formulated may bring to the mind this possibility that it is only included executive employees.  Nevertheless, a careful examination of the article and the interpretative comment of the Guardian council confirm otherwise. All public jobs holders, therefore, are subject to the general ban of the article. The only constitutional exception is in the academic positions in the universities and research institutions. In regard to jobs n private sectors, article 141 permits their holding beside the public job. Nevertheless, the legislator banned public jobs holders from managing some private jobs like justice advocacy or legal consultation. The law of prohibition of holding more than one job and some other laws and public regulations like country’s Islamic councils law have also mentioned the new orders for explaining and completing of inclusion of the principle 141 of the Constitution.

While the presence of private military companies in conflict situations is not new, their numbers have grown and, more significantly, the nature of their activities has changed. In addition to the more traditional logistical support, PMCs / PSCs have been involved more and more in activities that bring them close to the heart of military operations – and thereby into close proximity to persons protected by International Humanitarian Law. It is sometimes said that PMCs operate in a legal vacuum, that international law gives no answer as to how violations committed by their staff should be handled. Such a broad statement is incorrect from a legal point of view and it is important to stress that obligations do exist in that regard. In particular, with regard to two main issues: The status, rights and obligations of the employees of PMCs / PSCs, and the obligation of States to respect and ensure respect for International Humanitarian Law in connection with the activities of these companies.

Taking a decision about a compassionate penal policy or the other way in the case of political criminal is one of the most difficult tests for governments in the field of making criminal law's internal and external (formal) disciplines. Examining historical changes demonstrates different positions and polices adopted by states in this concern. As many countries the new French penal law didn't show a complete definition of political crime  and its features .The lack of a legislative definition of the criminal act is one of the most important reasons for the existence of  many ambiguities in the lawyer's judgments and French judicial policy. Despite that, French Supreme Court has tried to eliminate these ambiguities and legislative methods bravely during recent years. These methods can be considered by all countries which their legislative ambiguities in defining the notion of political crime have deprived political offenders from certain formal and substantive legal privileges.

In addition to the normal punishment, Islamic penal law suggests certain compensatory measures against those who are inflicting non-physical harms to others. The amount of which inflicted party receives is discretionary left to the judge to decide. The main concern of this article is to discover similarities and differences of the private punishment theory and the above Islamic norm.

Main concern in this article is to discuss traffic regulations in a wider context. In this line of thought, considerable impact of the traffics regulations on social behaviors of the citizens, most notably their understanding and compliance with other laws and regulations has been highlighted.

There is a close connection between insurance and traffic law, injury compensation is one of the most significant and obvious one. Common goal of these two sets of norms is the main basis of the mutual normative relationship between these two systems. We must be, therefore, adopt a reconciling interpretative approach in understanding their norms and principles. Since the real aim of insurance and traffic rules is to prevent traffic accidents, they must act and understood in coexisting rather than conflicting way. The main focus of this article is to existing jurisprudence dealing with relation between insurance and traffic rules.

Legal framework dealing with the protection of pedestrians is a particular one, and thus calls for a specific attention. In this short article, my main concern is to examine protections offered by the Iranian legal system to pedestrians in Iran. It is obvious that this protection is not a one way privilege; there are some duties imposed by the Iranian legal system on pedestrians too. Mapping rights and duties of the pedestrians in Iran is the main task of this article.

Industrial revolution and development of different means of transport have played a significant role in evolution of civil liability regulations. To cope with particular requirements of the legal liability is the main reason for abandoning traditional regulations of tort, and thus adopting new regulations in this area. These new rules were first adopted by the European countries, and latter by others. Iran was heavily influenced by this new system, and compulsory third party accident insurance act was adopted first and then completed by some other acts for the protection of traffic events, including those involving pedestrians. However adoption of the Islamic Penal Code stopped this protecting process. Also role of judicial precedent and practice of the courts, to implement IPC, in dismantling previous Acts should not be ignored.

Homocide and wounding have been classified into  three categories by Islamic Penal Code of Iran, however there is another type of unintentional homicide, resulting from driving faults in ch. 27 of the fifth part of the same Code, that seems ambiguous. By examining the term in the Iranian previous codes and comparing it with the above-mentioned classification, the article does not regard this type as a distinct category but recognizes it as one of same triple categories.

Despite Significant improvements in road safety in several countries over the past few decades, 1.2 million people are killed every year in road traffic crashes, and up to 50 million people are injured, many suffering life-long disability. In recognition of this growing global crisis, the United Nations General Assembly passed many resolutions since May 29, 2003. In addition to urging member states to address the growing problem of road traffic injuries, the resolutions called for international cooperation to support the efforts of developing countries in particular. The resolutions invited the World Health Organization, in collaboration with the United Nations regional commissions, to coordinate road safety efforts within the United Nations family. In this article I want to survey the UN resolutions on improving global road safety.

It is an imperative to combat organized drug trafficking. Such a move has to be comprehensive enough to cover policies as well as procedures to deal with all aspects of drug challenges and lead to increasing co-operation and contribution of all concerned bodies at executive level at the same time. Viewed from this perspective, the constitution of the International Criminal Police Organization (ICPO) has been one of the most outstanding steps taken in the early years of the 20th century aiming at combating international organized crimes including drug trafficking. The position held by the Interpol in international law system and its executive procedures in combating the international drug trafficking is my main concern in this article.