فصلنامه پژوهش در علوم ورزشی
سال پنجم شماره 2 (پیاپی 19، تابستان 1387)

Notation analysis has now gained wide use in the assessment of competitive football play. Computer-aided methods have largely replaced the use of hand-notation systems. Whilst a hand-notation approach has been adopted previously in assessing injury-risk in football, the recording and analyzing of events with injury potential time- consuming. In this report, a computerized system of notating incidents in the game is described. Key incidents are monitored with respect to degree of injury potential, location and other factors. The use of the system is illustrated by comparing home and away performances in Premier League matches between Manchester United and Liverpool F.C. The system has advantages in speed and accuracy of handling data related to injury and injury risk.

The purpose of the present study is to investigate the individual differences in the association between activation and performance in a sport shooting task. Arousal in recent studies has been defined as the energetic state at particular time, reflected in electrodermal activity and measured by skin conductance level; and activation as the change in arousal from a resting baseline to the task situation. This approach to arousal and activation implicates no association between arousal-performance and highlights the association between activation-performance. Nineteen elite sport shooters (10 females, 9 Males, mean age= 29.9) participated in the study. Skin Conductance level was recorded as the indicator of arousal and scores were recorded as performance measure. The results indicated a negative linear relationship between activation and performance. However, at the individual level, the observed relationship wan neither linear nor consistent; several subjects showed a U and several other showed an inverted-U relationship between variables. The results are discussed in relation to the recent hypothesis separating arousal from activation and the hypothesis explaining the association of arousal and performance.

The Purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of a period of the intermittent aerobic training on high- sensitive C - reactive protein (hs- CRP) in the old, female rats with strain of 14 wistar (325.6± 4.93 gram and old-21.5 months). For this aim, 64 rats were prepared for the pilot study and main study. In first, the pilot study was performed to determine the difference of hs- CRP in obese and thin or old and young rats. Then, the main study was performed on the obese old rats that were divided into subgroups randomly, including pretest, mid test and posttest (control and training). The training protocol was performed for the duration of 12 weeks, 5 days in a week, 2 to 4 sets, and with definite speed and duration. The blood samples were measured in many phases while they were fasting including, the baseline level, mid test and posttest. The data was analyzed via repeated measures and least significant difference (LSD) and T-student tests. The results showed that hs-CRP levels decreased insignificantly (Ps 0/351) during the first six weeks and decreased significantly (P= 0/001) after 12 weeks. Generally, the according to these findings basically we can say that the intermittent aerobic training has on hs-CRP.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the relationship among physical education deans and department head's educational philosophy and organizational climate in the universities of Iran. The samples of the study contained 63 directors and 185 faculties. The instruments utilized were Wiles and Bondi, philosophy preferences assessment questionnaire that was completed by the directors and Susman and Deep organizational climate questionnaires which was completed by the faculty members. The findings revealed that: The most important philosophy within the directors in 22 of the departments and colleges was Exprimentalism (33/6±3/51) and the lowest was Idealism (26/9±3/93). The average score organizational climate in physical education climate was (43/2±11/47) and the highest score related to physical education department in Ardabil University (55/4). The study failed to find a significant relationship between philosophies of education and organizational climate and its subscales at P<0/05.

of prevalence and causes of sport injuries in athlete male students in Payame Noor University. the method of this investigation was retrospective analysis of injury incidence localization and causes of sport injuries in athlete male students in Payame Noor University. The results of this study show that from total sample %95.63 was injured, %57.5 of injuries happened in the present of coach, %63.12 were injures while they were used protective sport equipment, a majority of the injuries was muscular-tendonitis (%77.5) and other injuries consisted of joint injuries (%15.13) and bone injuries (%7.37). Most injuries were located at the lower extremities (%35.73) and then upper extremities (%31.25), trunk (%21.7) and face and head (%11.27) respectively. It was a signification relationship between background sport and injuries rate in head and face, meanwhile, it wasnt signification in other parts of the body. It signification relationship between to warm up and rate of injury occurrence in lower extremities, meanwhile it wasnt signification in other parts of the body. Relationship between using protective equipment specially sport field and rate of injuries occurrence in upper and lower extremities was significant, meanwhile this relationship wasnt significant to trunk and head and face.

Osteoporosis is a disease that causes bone to be broken and leaned. One of the effective ways of preventing osteoporosis is doing regular exercise from childhood. The aim of this experiment was to investigate the bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC), Muscular strength and Anthropometric characteristics of athletic girls (Taekwondo) and compare them with nonathlethic girls.13 Athletic girls (taekwondo) with mean height (161/6±5/61), mean weight (56/2±5/1) and mean age of (19/69±2/78) were compared with control group including 12 non athletic girls with mean age of (19/69±2/78) were compared with control group including 12 non athletic girls with mean height (160±4/19), mean weight (52/8±6/64) and mean age of (21/5±1/9). Bone mineral density (BMD) femur (Wall and Neck) and lumbar (L2,L3,L4) measured throughDEXA method and muscular strength of hamstring and quadriceps (concentric contraction) were measured by means of Kin-com Apparatus. Data were Analyses at 15% level through SPSS package.

The relationship between the tissue energy status, particularly ATP levels and power out put during muscular activity is well known. The same as ATP, plasma/urine creatinine concentration has also been considering as muscle mass status and renal function during exercise and at rest. The purpose of this study was to investigate plasma variables and energy expenditure in response to running based-anaerobic sprint test (RAST) in female college students. Twenty-six female physical education students (age 22/34±0/3 year; 160/2±0/84 cm, 55/65±1/6 Kg, 21/62±0/48 in BMI, and) volunteer to participate in the present study. Subjects were asked to perform two RAST tests which separated with 1 minute rest between. Blood sample were obtained from antecubital vein before and immediately after the end of second test. Plasma Creatinine and glucose were measured by enzymatic methods. ATP was extracted by alcoholic extraction method (96 ethanol/4 water vol), and measured by using a luciferine - luciferase ATP assay. A paired t-student was used for analysis, plasma creatinine showed a non-significant decrease. Glucose concentration was significantly (p<0/03) higher immediately after the tests. A reduction in plasma ATP levels was significant (P<0/007). In addition a significant decrease in Max power, average power and increased energy expenditure were observed. the results indicate that plasma ATP changes might be consider as a marker for energy status and RAST can be used a stimuli for metabolic responses such as similar test.

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of acute supplementation of 500 mg vitamin C on oxidative stress and inflammation after 30-min exercise at 75% Vo2max. Sixteen healthy male, unfamiliar with the exercise protocol, randomly received either antioxidant (AO) (500 mg vitamin C) or placebo (P) 2h before a 30-min treadmill run at 75% Vo2max. Plasma vitamin C concentration (VC) and Malondealdehyde (MDA) as oxidative stress marker using HPLC, Creatine Kinase (CK) as muscle damage marker using Autoanalzser, and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) as inflammation marker using ELISA, Were measured. ANOVA repeated measures with Bonferroni correction was used to compare results over the times and independent t-test was used to determine between groups differences. Vitamin C increased significantly 2h after supplementation, immediately and 2h after exercise in AO group (P<0/05).Serum CK, increased significantly after exercise in both groups (P<0/05) and decrease 24th after exercise only in OA group. Serum IL-6, increased significantly after exercise (P<0/05) and decrease 24th after exercise in both groups. MDA increased significantly after exercise in P group (P0/05).

Conclusion

The results indicate that 500 mg VC supplementation prevented muscle damage and exercise-induced oxidative stress but not inflammation in these subjects.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of desk and bench with same height on electromyographic muscles activity of lumbar erector spine and multifidus muscles in male subjects. The subjects of this study include 24 healthy students without any deformity and history of surgery in spine. The subjects were selected randomly from guidance schools. The subjects were divided in two groups according to their heights, control group (14.1+0.3years; 172.8+4.8cm,:66.7+9.4kg,; BMI: 19.8+3.8) and experimental group (13.8+0.9years;155.6+5.4cm; 47.9+9.8cm; BMI: 23.3+3.3).The high of desk and bench were appropriate for abnormal group according to the "scale portion" and principles of ergonomy. The height of desk and bench were higher for abnormal groups and so they were inappropriate. The collection of data was done through surface electromyography. The Root mean square (RMS)) values were collected in sitting position. Paired T-test analyses were applied to carry out pretest- posttest to comparing of muscle activity in either group (P<0.05). The result of the study indicated that there was no significant difference in the RMS measured values for Lumbar erector spine and multifidus muscles in pre and post test in the control group, but there was a significant difference in RMS values measured for lumbar erector spine and multifidus muscles in pretest – post test in experimental group (P<0.05). This study revealed that the high desks and benches cause the increase in muscle activity and muscle fatigue in lumbar erector spine and multifidus muscles in students during sitting in the classroom. Therefore it is important to pay attention to anthropometric characteristics of students for school furniture design

The purpose of this study was the survey of motivational factors among volunteers sport in Iran Universities. The population of this research was (n=650) from volunteers individual for utilized sport association in west-north universities iran. 120 person of population by cluster random sampling were selected as sample of this study. Then the questionnaire of this study made and reliability alpha Alpha Coronbach (e=0/87) measured. The collected data were analyzed by descriptive statistically and test of hypotheses using T. test done. The findings show that personal growth factor highest and value factor lowest score among mails and females. The results of the analysis showed that is there is significant difference between interactions social, Recognition, hobby, Self Esteem with sex. With survey a bout role fields of Knowledge shown that highest and lowest factors in physical education student was Recognition and value factors. But among non physical education student interaction social highest factor and lowest factor was value. Also there is significant difference between interactions social, Recognition, Self-Esteem, personal growth factors with academic field.

Shock absorption and reducing the Rate of Loading (ROL) during daily activities are considered as a reason for reducing the rate of injuries. Since, skeletal muscles utilize as shock absorber during weight bearing tasks, the purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between the maximum torques of lower extremity muscles with the ROL during single leg drop landing. 33 men subjects (23±2years and 73±3 Kg) from Tarbiyat Moallem University of Tehran volunteered in this study. Maximum torque of lower extremity muscles and the Ground Reaction Forces (GRF) were measured by the Biodex system and force plate (AMTI), respectively. The Pearson correlation used to analyses the data at the 􀄮􀂔 0/05 threshold. The mean torque of the quadriceps, hamstring, plantar flexors, dorsi flexors, invertors and evertors muscled were 2/70, 1/75, 0/77, 0/43, 0/43, 0/40 Nm respectively, and the mean ROL was 519/60 N/ms. Significant correlations wasnt seen between maximum torque of lower extremity muscles with ROL. Due to results of this study it seem that quadriceps, hamstring, plantar flexors, dorsiflexors, invertors and evertors muscles have no role in decreasing the ROL in single leg drop landing.

Woman's sport development and publication embodies women's management in sport. After plan combination in federations and sports association a few women could achieve management position in federations and sport associations in different provineces of Iran. To help remove this problem and increase the number of women in management position and to better make use of women manager's power, we decided to investigate the obstacle preventing women from achieving management position in federation and sports associations; this can help design approaches to promote women's sport manager in the country. To achieve this goal, the present study investigates the personal and environmental obstacles. The instrument used is a questionnaire which was designed by the researcher. After checking its reliability and validity, was distributed among men and women mangers in sport associations in Khuzestan province. According to men managers all factors with the exception of psychological personality factor inhibited women's promotion. However, women believed that psychological and personality factors; Knowledge and awareness; interpersonal relations; and political skills did not prevent their promotion. Further, they believed that there is not significant difference between them and their men counterparts with regard to the above mentioned factors. Both men and women respondants, accepted that factors related to professional sport, sport media, cultural, interpersonal, family and men authority in organization all inhibit women's promotion. To sum up, men believed in both personal and envioronmental obstacles while women accepted only the obstacles envioronmental to their promotion (P<0/01).

he purpose of this study was to investigate two leadership styles of transformational and transactional among administrators of sport committees in Guilan province. Between 44 committees, 42 sport committees (n=102) completed the two questionnaire of individual characteristics and multifactor leadership questionnaire (MLQ). MLQ is included of 41 questions which 3 leadership style, including transformational, transactional and non-leadership. Internal validity of questionnaire was determined by using Alpha Cronbach's test of 78 percent. In order to analyze the data the following statistical methods in a significant level of (p 􀂔0/05) were used: chi-square, Pearson Correlation coefficient, ANOVA test, with repeated measures and LSD post hoc. The result of this study indicated that: there is a significant difference between leadership styles of transformational, transactional and non-leadership. Sport committees, and administrators used the transformational style of leadership more than the non-leadership method. The result also indicated that there is a significant relationship between the leadership styles of transformational and non-leadership regarding to gender, and female were less inclined with the using of non leadership style comparing to transformational styles. There is also a positive and week relationship between age and non-leadership style and a weak and negative relationship existed between age and transactional leadership style. On the other hand, the committee managers used the non-leadership styles more often than the administrators and assistant managers.