نشریه پرستاری ایران
پیاپی 55 (پاییز 1387)

One of the important factors in health maintenance and promotion is correct garbage disposal. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of adolescents’ participation on the sanitary collection and disposal of garbage. In his quasi-experimental, before-after study, the research population consisted of all adolescents of 102 families living in Rostam-Abad village, located in Buein-Zahra region. At first, training sessions based on the research objectives were established for the adolescents and then, each of them took charge of a few families for education and follow up. Findings indicated that the mean of sanitary status of garbage bin and sanitary disposal, before intervention was 3.2 ± 0.88, whereas, immediately after intervention, it was increased to 4.3 ± 1.6. Paired T-Test showed a statistically significant difference between before/ after intervention (P<0.0001). Two months after the intervention, the mean was 4.29 ± 1.6. Repeated measurement type of ANOVA with Wilks test also indicated a statistically significant difference (P<0.0001). Based on these findings, the rural adolescent's participation can develop the sanitary collection and disposal of garbage.

Nowadays, nurses are an essential part of the health care team involved in the care of older people. The aim of this study was to determine the knowledge about aging process and attitude toward older people among staff nurses of hospitals affiliated to the Kerman University of Medical Sciences in 2006. In this descriptive analytical study, all of the nurses, working in Kerman University of medical sciences hospitals were selected to participate in the study. Data collection instrument was an investigator- made questionnaire that its validity and reliability was established. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 11. 5. Findings showed that the mean (±SD) duration of working experience of the participant's was11. 19 (±5. 58). Also, 70. 2% reported having no previous experience of living with older people. The participants acquired 54% and 88. 72% of the score of the knowledge and attitude, respectively. In overall, nurses had positive attitude toward older people. There wasn’t found statistically significant relationship between knowledge and attitude scores. The findings of this study support the findings of the previous studies showing that there is knowledge deficit among staff nurses regarding aging process and normal changes of aging. Such knowledge deficit may be rectified through formal and continuing education، thereby, increase nurses’ understanding of aged people needs. Otherwise, older people in long-term care centers would be in danger of being victims of inaccurate nursing cares.

Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) has been used by medical professionals to save the life of dying patients. To achieve more success rates in CPR, the timing factor is of great importance as any delay in starting CPR will reduce the success rate. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of the time elapsed between CPR code announcement and start of resuscitation on CPR outcome. In this cross-sectional study, data was collected from June 2004 till June 2005 using checklists that were routinely used in CPR protocol. A total number of 327 cases of CPR were studied and the data was analyzed by SPSS software. Our results showed that 163 cases of CPR (49.9%) were immediately successful. Of those cases with immediate successful CPR, only 46 cases (28.2%) discharged from hospital and 117 cases (71.8%) died afterwards. In the other words, only 46 cases (14.06%) out of 327 patients who underwent CPR, discharged from hospital and the rest (85.94%) died. The mean time elapsed between CPR code announcement and the start of CPR operations was 1.63 minute and 1.87 minute in immediate successful and unsuccessful CPRs, respectively. This difference is statistically significant (P≤0.001). The mean time elapsed between CPR code announcement and the start of CPR protocol in ultimate successful CPRs (the patients discharged) was 1.28 minute against 1.76 min for total of unsuccessful CPRs (P≤0.001). This study showed that seconds of delay in starting CPR operations reduce the success rate and that the basic CPR should be started as soon as possible within the first 4 minutes followed by advanced CPR. So, reducing the delay time may lead to better outcome. This study also showed that there is a statistically significant relationship between delay time and outcome of CPR.

Privacy is a major human need and is a cornerstone of medical care. Nurses, because of the specific nature of their profession, have a specific role in fulfill privacy need of their patients. The aim of this study was to compare viewpoints of patients and nurses regarding respecting to patient’s privacy during nursing care. This study was a descriptive comparative. All nurses in three hospital related to Tabriz university of medical science (n= 109) and 161 patients from these hospitals participated in the study. For data gathering, two parallel questionnaires used. First section of questionnaires consist of demographic data of nurses and patients and second section measure viewpoints of patients and nurses regarding respecting to patients privacy during nursing care. Results show that there is statistical differences between nurse’s (Mean = 33.06) and patient’s (Mean = 27.05) viewpoints regarding respecting to patient’s privacy. Furthermore, there is positive powerful correlation between number of days after hospitalization (p = 0.001) and needs of patients for nursing care (p = 0.019) with patients viewpoint of respecting to their privacy during nursing care. So, there was negative powerful correlation between perception of patients regarding their health (p = 0.001) with patients viewpoint of respecting to their privacy during nursing care. This research shows there were statistical differences between nurses and patients viewpoint regarding patients privacy. Furthermore, results show whatever patients need further nursing care, had worse health status or increase in hospitalization day, the patient’s viewpoint regarding the respecting to their privacy during nursing care increase. This may indicate whatever the contact of patient with nursing stuff increase the viewpoint of patient closes to nurse’s viewpoint

The pain of the intravenous cannulation is considered as the major limitation in pediatric clinical care. Reducing the pain of intravenous cannulation has been the motive for many investigations. In the present study, the effect of two methods for reducin the pain of intravenous cannulation in children was compared. Ninty children between 6-12 years old who admitted in the pediatric ward were selected and randomly allocated to either Emla cream group, music distraction group or control group in equal numbers. The pains of the children were assessed by Wong pain face scale and also, general behaviors of the samples were evaluated by the researcher. Mean pain score in the Emla cream group was significantly lesser than the music and the control groups (1.36 against 3.5 and 3.56, respectively P< 0.001), but, there was no statistically significant difference between the control and music distraction groups. Sex, age and other variables had no effect on pain sensation during cannulation. In Emla cream group, the mean pain score were significantly lower in older children (over 10 years). This study showed that Emla cream can significantly reduce the pain of intravenous cannulation in children, especially in older ones. The researchers recommend the use of Emla cream one hour before intravenous cannulation in children.

Although family caregiving is the essential part in health care systems, but there is not any qualitative research in Iran about nature of family caregiving process in frail elderly at home. The present study is a part of study about family caregiving process and its aim has been determining of facilitator and barrier factors of this process. In this grounded theory study according to Strauss and Corbin's approach(1998), 14 family caregivers participated and data was gathered by in-depth semi-structured interview and observation in the field and movies. All of interviews were transcribed and were analyzed through open, axial and selective coding. Triangulation of the data gathering from different methods, prolonged engagement with caregivers, member check by participants and experts, was used to increase rigor of the study. "Searching a balance point" is the family care giving process and core variable in this study. Caregivers experienced facilitator and barriers factors in 6 sub-groups that affect the caregiving process. Modifying facilitator and barriers factors by improvement of other family members participation and assistance, caregiver support, improvement of caregiving knowledge, providing facilities and establishing appropriate health care and wellbeing policies not only for caregiver but also for care recipient would be effective in managing of the process by caregivers.

Skin disinfection is an effective method of preventing surgical site infection (SSI), but there is controversy about the duration of skin preparation. Therefore this study was conducted to determine the effect of duration of skin preparation on skin microbial flora in orthopedic patients admitted to Hamadan Mobasher hospital. This randomized clinical trial study was performed on 46 patients that underwent orthopedic surgery. For data collection, a checklist was used and microbial culture results also were considered. Four skin cultures were obtained, the first sample was collected before skin preparation and the others were collected 2, 5and 10 minute after beginning of skin preparation, respectively, from surgical site. Samples were examined for total colony forming units (CFU) and kind of aerobic bacterial flora. The findings showed a statistically significant relationship between mean skin bacterial CFU and duration of skin preparation (P<0.01), except for comparison between the fifth and tenth minute skin preparation (P= 0.057). Exact binomial test showed there was statistically significant decrease in the kind of skin bacterial flora with increasing in duration of skin preparation (P<0.05), but there was no growth for diphtheroid in the fifth minute and for other bacteria, in the tenth minute. According to the findings, it is enough to disinfect surgical site with %7.5 povidon iodine for 5 minutes to diminish skin bacterial count in surgical patient.

Nowadays, the role of regular and continuous physical activity in reducing the risk of coronary heart disease, various cancers, obesity, osteoporosis and other health problems has been widely recognized. Physical inactivity as a modifiable risk factor for a number of diseases has become a key public health concern. Many investigations have showed that physical activity levels fall significantly during the young adult period, and there is increasing concern about youth physical activity. Physical activity of the university students, as an important sector of young adults and society from which would-be policy makers and teachers will be drawn, are of particular interest. The present study was carried out to compare physical activity status among students of medical and non-medical universities of Tabriz. A descriptive comparative design was used with 384 medical and 384 non-medical university students. Demographic data and physical activity variables were collected by a self reported questionnaire. Independent sample t-test were used to compare mean scores of physical activity between two groups of students, and two-way ANOVA test were used to determine the relationship between student's socio-demographic variables and physical activity. The findings showed that 39.84% of medical and 37.24% of non-medical university students had risky physical activity status and only 6.51% of medical and 5.99% of non-medical university students had appropriate physical activity status. There was no statistically significant difference between mean scores of physical activity of two groups. Also, 81.3% of medical and 85.2% of non-medical university students desired to increase the level of their physical activity. Although the majority of both medical and non-medical students had inactivity style, there was desire to increase physical activity level. It is necessary that the university policy makers provide programs to aware the students about inactivity risks, establish motivation and allocate possibilities for increasing the students’ physical activity levels. Modifying attitude and practice toward physical activity and physical exercise in university students, especially in medical university students as the community health messengers, is crucial in promotion of mobility and physical exercise of community.

Migraine is the most common primary headache syndrome with no specific pathologic reason that migraine affects physical, mental, and social aspects of quality of life and reduces health-related quality on life (HRQOL) Migraine is the most noticeable medical issue in women's health since it is more prevalent among them during the peak reproductive years between the ages of 25 and 55 years. Migraine is a periodic progressive and chronic disorder as a result of the inability of nervous system to adapt to changes in the endogenous and exogenous environments. These changes could be hormonal, behavioral, dietary and environmental. The low frequency of organic causes for headache and the increasing prevalence of that suggest individual and environmental factors as determinates. This study is done with the goal to investigate the associations between migraine headache and lifestyle in women. This is an analytical case-control study on 170 subjects aged 18-50 years randomly selected by Poisson sampling. Population studied included all women with headache referring to neurology clinics of Alzahra and Nour hospitals of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences with an absolute diagnosis of migraine by a neurologist based on the criteria of the International Headache Society. The control group comprised of all women with no migraine having identical inclusion criteria with the study subjects. The data were collected by interviews with a researcher designed questionnaire. The questionnaire was used after the scientific validity and reliability had been defined by content validity and Test retest respectively. Descriptive analytical statistical tests (independent t test, Chi-square test and Fisher exact test) were used to analyze the data The data were analyzed by SPSS. The findings showed that there was a significant association between some dimensions of lifestyle such as nutrition status and food habits (p=0.001), sleep and rest pattern (p=0.012), medication habit pattern (p=0.001) with migraine. Meanwhile, There was no significant association between smoking, physical activity and sport pattern and the level of exposure to life stressors with migraine. The result of the present study is in line with some other investigations suggesting that some lifestyle factors probably play a role as migraine precipitants According to the results, for preventing of attack onset and decrease of side effect due to abuse of drug it's necessary to more attend on the importance of change and modification of lifestyle migraineurs and to consider the assessment of lifestyle and Health behavior in priority of health care.

One of the most important functions of nurses, which require preparation and powerful scientific background, skill in decision making and careful attention to drug laws is administration of the drugs to the patients. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the knowldege and practice of the student nurses about drugs by OSCE method at the end of the third year of their education. In this cross- sectional study, 48 student nurses (45 females and 3 males), with a mean age of 21 years took part in a theoretical exam and 36 of them participated also in a practical exam. A demographic questionnaire including personal details, Over Time working (OT), the usage pharmacological sources and the level of encountering different pharmacological methods was used to collect data. Then, a theoretical exam, covering the whole drugs the subjects had learnt during 6 semesters, was taken and after that, 9 routes of drug administration (Suppository, NG tube, PO, SQ, IV, IM, ID, Topical and inhalation) were examined by OSCE Method in 2 consecutive days. The scores were given based on the drug administration check list. The findings showed that encountering students with different routes of drug administration were Topical =93.7%, Inhalation=31.25%, SUPP =43.75%, NG= 98%, ID=6.26%, SQ= 98%, IV = 100%, PO=100% and IM=100%. The mean score of theoretical and practical exam were 49.02 and 63.8, respectively. A correlation of 0.32 was obtained between scores of theoretical and practical exam Since drugs administration requires both pharmacological information and practical skills, special attention should be paid to the theoretical and practical education of student nurses.