Iranian Journal Of Nursing and Midwifery Research
Volume:13 Issue: 3, summer 2008

Women''s role in family and their participation in social, economical and cultural activities make them a partof development process. Paying attention to women''s health is a social investment. Nowadays 70% of women suffer frombreast pain and two third of these pains are periodical. Among the pain killing methods, herbal medicine is more compatiblewith human body and has fewer side effects because the drugs are natural. This study aimed to find the effects of eveningprimrose oil and vitamin E on the severity of periodical breast pain in women. It was a single-blind semi-experimental study. The studied sample included 66 women 18-40 years of age sufferingfrom breast pain and tenderness referred to ten health centers of Isfahan in 2007. Sampling method was simple random.The patients were divided into two groups to receive evening primrose oil or vitamin E. Severity of pain was assessed byCardiff chart before and after one month of intervention. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics viaSPSS software. The severity of periodical breast pain in both groups decreased significantly before and after the medication (inboth groups, p < 0.05)). According to the findings, evening primrose oil decrease the severity of pain and it is more effective and betterthan the known and common vitamin E medicine

Diabetes is a chronic disease affects many aspects of daily life. We need a bio-psychosocial approach topatients and their problems in diabetes management. Since patient''s beliefs about health and disease will guide selfmanagementmeasures, a holistic understanding toward subject is necessary. The aim of this study was to identify anddescribe the lived experiences of patients with diabetes in a qualitative study. A descriptive phenomenological framework used to guide the project of inquiry. Eleven volunteered patients(6 men, 5 women) were recruited by purposed sampling from ";Glands and Metabolism Research Center"; and ";Al-ZahraHospital"; of Isfahan in 2006. In-depth unstructured one to one interviews conducted and interview data were transcribedand analyzed for themes using collizi method. Five themes were identified including; ";Why I get";, ";Disease requirements";, ";Can I do";, ";Limitations";, ";Silentmotion towards death";. 3 first items belongs to participants'' perception about diseases etiology, treatment, and theirfeeling about their situation, respectively. ";Silent movement towards death"; and ";limitation"; pointed to the patients''belief about limitation in nutrition and having a healthy child and nature of disease. Based on findings, patients'' beliefs about their disease and health situation can affect health behaviors andself-management, and act as barriers and facilitators in patient behaviors. Findings suggest considering this factor in selfmanagementpreparing program.

Once it comes to infections, children are the weakest members of society and they gather together in nurseriesand kindergartens as their first communities. In recent years, parents were more eager to send their children to nurseries.This research investigated self-care to prevent urinary tract infections in children. This was a qualitative research using a contextual thematic analysis. Samples were selected from children withurinary tract infections who attended nurseries of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences along with their parents, teachersand the head of nurseries. Sampling was purposive and continued until data saturation which occurred with 10 participantsincluding 7 mothers whose kids experienced urinary tract infections and 3 nurseries'' heads and teachers. Data were collectedin 2005 during appointments in nurseries by deep and semi-organized interviews. Each interview lasted between 30to 50 minutes (average length was 40 minutes). Data were analyzed according to Straw-Bert model. Three main conceptions were derived from the experiences of participants on self-care to prevent urinary tract infections,including: diagnosis of symptoms, dangerous factors and effective diet for prevention; control the disease, medication,preventing effects and relapse into the disease by health care; additional interventions, diagnosis tests and follow-up. According to the findings, the participants in this research experienced several factors that caused urinary tractinfections. These factors were different based on their knowledge and the existence or non-existence of health care support.These results were supporting other studies on the subject.

This study aimed to define and compare the efficiency and complication between HD and levonorgestrel tabletsas an emergency contraceptive method. In this double blind clinical trial, the subjects included 68 women aged 15-45 years with regular menstruationcycles referred to Isfahan health centers within the first 72 hours after their unprotected coitus between May to Sep 2006.The subjects were selected by convenient sampling and randomly divided into two groups: one taking HD tablets and theother levonorgestrel. The data were collected by 3 questionnaires including demographic, productivity, coitus characteristics,efficiency and some complications such as nausea, vomiting, headache, dizziness and analytic statistical tests ranthrough SPSS software. Levonorgestrel had 100% efficiency in contraception (the difference was significant between two groups). Therewas no significant difference between changes in menstruation cycle and headache but there were differences consideringnausea, vomiting and the times of vomiting within 24 hours after taking the second dose of the tablets; but it wasn''t significantduring the last six hours. Generally, in group of levonorgestrel side effects such asspotting, high amount or severemenstrual bleeding, occurrence and the times of vomiting, nausea severity, headache and dizziness were all witnessed less. Consumption of 0.75 mg levonorgestrel twice as an emergency contraceptive method has higher efficiency inprevention of unwanted pregnancies and lower side effects compared to HD tablets. It is suggested to plan and take necessaryactions to produce and distribute these tablets as an emergency contraceptive method in Iran.

All women experience similar changes in the postpartum period, but some special factors make these experiencesunique and sometimes cause stress and anxiety. Understanding these experiences is essential for providing appropriatepostpartum care. This study investigated the meaning and nature of mothers''experiences and their daily life in thisperiod. This is a qualitative study employing a phenomenological approach. Data were collected by deep interviews. 14mothers who referred to the hospitals or health care centers of Isfahan city in 2005 were interviewed. Sampling was purposiveand data were analyzed by Colaizzi''s method. The total findings of the study were collected in 90 codes, 15 categories and 4 main concepts were extracted: positivemood reactions, negative mood reactions, feeling unprepared, and body image change. Mothers᾽ experiences lead to psychological and emotional reactions in postpartum period based on the care andsupport they receive. If these services are not enough and appropriate, they face various tensions which have adverse effectson the newborns and families as well. Therefore, to help mothers and their families to achieve their evolutionary rolewith minimum stress in this susceptible period, it is necessary to determine the effective factors and plan strategies forpostpartum care services based on mothers'' need.

Parenting style in communication with teenagers is a complex and double way process that affects progressand success of all generations both at present time and future. Due to the importance of having accurate knowledge aboutmothers'' parenting style and its underlying factors, it has been assessed in this study. This study was a descriptive cross-sectional study on 737 female students in guidance schools in Isfahan. Informationabout background factors and mothers'' parenting styles were gathered according to parent''s control and responding viaspecified questionnaires. Data was analyzed with Pearson correlation coefficient. According to the results, 30.8 % of students had mothers with authoritative parental style, 48.2 % had mothers withpermissive parental styles, 7.9 % had despotic mothers and 13.2 % had mothers with neglectful parental style. Data analysisshowed significant correlation between mother''s education and parenting style but there was no significant relation betweenparental style and student''s age, mother''s age, birth rank and mother''s employment. This study concluded that permissive style and after that, despotic style, were the most common parenting stylesin female guidance school students'' mothers. Mothers with higher levels of education used permissive and despotic parentingstyles more in comparison with other mothers. It seems that these mothers try to response to physiological and emotionalneeds of their daughters instead of teach them the family values.

Working in managerial posts, nurses need to know the management concepts and skills such as changemanagement. This knowledge can improve the quality of patients care. This research was a study on the change conceptby describing the nursing managers'' experiences as an agent for change. It was a qualitative research based on phenomenology. Data were collected from matron nurse managers workingin the hospitals of the Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. Sampling method was purposive and continued untildata saturation. The number of participants was 13. Data were collected by open interviews and the analysis of data wasbased on the Colaizzi''s method. The findings consist of 220 concepts classified in five main concepts including prospect, outcome, variables,stimulator, and acceptation. The findings showed that most nurse managers have some experiences of change state as a change agent.Since hospitals and health centers are in direct contact with people of all social groups and their activities benefit thepublic, nurses should pay more attention to health care development and change.

Although extensive development of technology provides welfare and accessibility for families but it may beone of the threatening factors for them. The unique characteristics of internet such as availability and facility are useful, butover using for its exciting content cause to internet addiction between family members. The aim of this study was to explainthe experiences of the family members of dependence to internet. A phenomenological approach was used in order to find the meaning of dependence on internet in family members.Data were collected through semi-structured interviews. Colaizzi''s descriptive method was used for data analysis. Findings of this study were classified into 60 codes and three main concepts consisted of motivators (directors),complications, and changing life style. Dependent members of family after tending to internet tolerated some complications like family disjointingand inappropriate change of life style that can be the focus of psychiatric and family health nurses.