نشریه علوم حرکتی و ورزش
پیاپی 7 (بهار و تابستان 1385)

Human resources are accounted of the most valuable organizational sources which materialize the aims of each organization through hard integrated efforts. These sources have potential capabilities and capacities which come to the scene in an organizational structure achieving this goal deem a comprehensive knowledge and perception or' Human' while needs to provide the proper ground for working. One of the most considerable factors in this concern is employing people in suitable position according to their abilities and experiences. This process is observed in meritocratic system in this respect the present survey will study the adaptation of meritocracy criteria whit P.E.O director's appointment. According to the compiled criteria same items such as duties, roles, management skill, and championship titles, membership in sport foundations, career precedence, coaching or officiating certificate are the cornerstones of meritocracy, pervious experiences in management research works and translation, passed training courses. Put forward services in farfetched regains, locality. According to the above said factors 67 managers and 81 experts have been considered as the research subjects. The results showed that there are meaningful statistical different between the average of compiled criteria for middle\executive manager and the respective optima (p=0.05). Most of the managers do not have the adequate proper merits for managing. There are no specific criteria for appointing the top directors in Islamic Republic of IRAN physical Education Organization.

It is obvious that the experts and intellectuals at any country have a particular role in the development of that country. They could have a profound effect on different aspects in a society. For example, they can introduce knowledge and technology, they can enrich culture, and they can also improve the economy and extend the national and international relationships between different countries in the world. Civil life culture currently affected people's lives including the academic staff of the universities. As regards their type and nature of their profession, they usually have a monotonous and inactive life, thus getting them away from nature and dynamic life. Like the majority of the society members this inactivity can cause physical and mental deficiencies and could lead to a decrease in the quality, quantity and productivity of their activities. The present study tries to survey and compare the collective health of the physically active and inactive academic members at different universities in Iran. Statistical samples of this research included 250 different members of academic staffs from different estate universities. They were selected randomly and compared as two physically active and inactive groups. In so doing a questionnaire comprised general health questions (GHQ 28) was employed. Its validity and reliability had been reported as successful in different researches. The results did not show a significant correlation (P<0.05) between the General Health of the physically active and inactive academic members. However, the results showed a significant difference between the General health and individual characteristics of the statistical samples of this research such as sex, marital status and education (P<0.05). From 250 statistical samples, 193 persons were shown to be physically active and 51 persons were inactive in the last year. The other data attained in this study have been analyzed by showing tables and graphs that are represented in this article.

The historical, social, politic and economic changes and also management changes and strategic situation and religion and social and political movement are the most common factors which affect the manifestation of the individual and social life of the nations. Sport and physical Education which is one of the effective elements to the individual and social lives of the Iranian being affected by several factors which regarding to social and political life of the Iranian are considerable in variety, development attention, sort of execution and the most important, in sort of management. In this research the relevant: subjects have been divided in three levels:1. before appearance of Islam in Iran.2. after appearance Islam in Iran. 3. after constitutional revolution since Islamic Revolution in Iran (1357). And with regards to apparent changes and management system the games and sports will be discussed in the mentioned periods. Also the women obligations have been defined in construction of some sports.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the relationship among colleges of physical education deans and department heads’ educational philosophy, leadership style and organizational climate in the universities of Iran. The samples of the study contained 63 directors and 185 faculties. The instruments utilized were Wiles and Bondi, philosophy preferences assessment questionnaire that was completed by the directors and Susman and Deep organizational climate and also Hersey and Blanchard leadership style questionnaires which was completed by the faculty members. The findings revealed that: The most important philosophy within the directors in 22 of the departments and colleges was Experimentalism (33.6±3.51) and the lowest was idealism (26.9±3.93). The most important leadership style in 13 of the physical education colleges and departments was selling (4.5±2.16) and the lowest was Delegative (1.7±2.69). The average score of organizational climate in physical education climate was related to physical education department in Ardabil university (55.4) and the lowest score was related to the P.E. college in Alzahra university (30.5). The study failed to find a significant relationship between philosophies of education and antirational climate and its subscales at P<.05. There was a significant relationship between participatory leadership style and organizational climate and its subscale of clarity of role at P<.01. Also, there was a significant relationship between participatory style and other subscales of organizational climate such as satisfaction of rewards, clarity of objectives and effectiveness of policies and practices. No significant relationship was found between philosophies of education and leadership style at P<.05.

The objective of this study was to consider the impact of social support on women participation in sport activities. This study used survey & cross-sectional method. The data is gathered from 360 women whom selected via stratified sampling and then random sampling from 25 to 40 year old women in 13 cities of Mazandaran. The collection instrument of data was: participation in sport Questionnaire revised. The results showed significant difference among sport activities participations regarding the kind of social support provided for sport activities participation of women. The hierarchical multiple regression analysis results shows that the four studied variables, namely, family members exercising, the best friend exercising, income and profits of sport, in the first place and social support in the second place explained 15.9 and 2.1 percent of variable variance of women participation in sport activities.

The aim of this investigation was to study of effects of three different training schedules (blocked, serial and random) on performance and learning of basketball free throw from three different distances from the ring in experience subjects. 30 physical education male students that have been passed basketball course without experience in team training or competitions volunteered and divided into three groups randomly after performing pretest(fifteen free throws from 3 meters distance). All of them participated in 5 practice session in 5 continuously days(each session contain of 13 throws from 1.5 meters distance, 15 throws from 3 meters distance and 15 throws from 4.5 meters distance), and transfer test (15 throws from 3.5 meters distance and right side of ring side with 45 degrees angle). In acquisition stage, a 3(group)x5(session)ANOVA with repeated measurements on session factor revealed a significant main effect of session factor but the main effect of group and group x session interaction were not significant. The performance of 1 session was significantly lower than later sessions and the performance of the 5 session was significantly higher than other sessions. The result supported Magill and hall (1991) hypothesis that variability in parameter cannot show contextual interference effect.

The main purpose of this study was to compare the impact of goal setting (GS), knowledge of results (KR), and combination of GS and KR on the extent of internal motivation level in learning of volleyball service by girl students. The total score of the participants were 96 individuals. In each experiment 48 participants were examined and on the basis of their adjusted scores they divided into 4 twelve groups. Pre and post tests were administrated after 2 and 10 days of practice for measuring the effectiveness of experimented intervention. The AAHPERD Volleyball Service Test, and internal motivation and personal data questionnaires were used in order to collect the data. To analysis the data in regard to acquisition and retention phases and to test the research hypotheses the factorial variation analysis and Toky followed up test were used. The findings show that in both experiment the main effects of sessions were statistically meaningful (F=21/27, P<0/001, F=10/27, p<0/001). We also found significant differences for the impact of internal motivation (F=4/186, P=0/47). For the second retention tests (F=6/24, P=0/017) statistically significant differences were found. In summary, we can suggest that although the variability of internal motivation levels in some of the phases of the experiments were significantly meaningful, but in general we can claim that motivation strategies (goal–setting, KR) were not much effective in learning of volleyball service by the participants.