مجله دانش و تندرستی در علوم پایه پزشکی
سال چهارم شماره 3 (پاییز 1388)

In comparison with observed and cause-specific survival relative survival as an estimate of net survival has become a more preferred measure for the analysis of patients survival based on data from population-based-cancer registries. A major advantage of this measure is that information on the cause of death is not required thereby circumventing problems with the inaccuracy incorrectness and non-availability of death certificates and problems due to complicated cures. This research is carried out to estimate and investigate the net survival of breast cancer patients. In order to estimate relative survival we used Finnish annual probabilities of death as a standard source to estimate expected survival in this study. Data consist of 662 breast cancer patients diagnosed at the Cancer Institute of Imam Khomeini Hospital during 1990-95 and followed up to the end of 2000. Data were analyzed using SAS software version 9.1. The results showed that the three-year relative survival for 3 age groups of 15-44 45-59 and 60-74 were 85 90 and 80% respectively whereas it was low for the age group of 75+ (67%). Following up the age group of 45-59 for two consequent years the estimate of relative survival ratio was obtained approximately one. For some intervals the follow-up estimate of relative survival was greater than one. Based on the results survival following diagnosis of cancer has decreased with the increasing of age groups. It is also seen that with the increasing years of follow-up survival following diagnosis of cancer has first decreased and then a little increased. The decreasing rate for age group of 75+ is noticeable. The statistical cure point for the age group of 45-59 is acceptable but for the age groups of 45-59 and 60-74 the quality of following up is low in some follow-up intervals.

Osteoporosis and obesity two disorders of body composition are growing in prevalence. This is while a few studies have investigated the relationship between body composition and bone mass density (BMD) with physical activity in obese girls. Thus this study aims at investigating the effect of walking programs in preventing osteoporosis and reducing obesity in obese girls. Twenty non-athlete obese girls volunteered to take part in this research. The participants then were randomly divided into two groups (Control: n=10 BMI=30.9±3.6 kg/m2 and experimental: n=10 BMI=30.2±1.8 kg/m2). The bone mass density body composition and serum estrogen of the participants were measured initially and after two months. Then the experimental group started a two-month exercise program which consisted of 30 minutes of walking with intensity of %50- %75 of heart rate three times a week. The data were analyzed through independent t-test (P

Since nutrition is one of the important factors influencing health and well-being of people and it is also highly critical for students health this study investigates the impacts of socioeconomic determinants on nutrition status of the student who reside in Shiraz University of medical science dormitories. In this cross- sectional study 405 students were selected through multistage sampling procedure and their nutrition status was investigated via a questionnaire. STATA statistical software (version 9.1) was used to analyze the data through one-way ANOVA. There was a significant relationship between receiving Carbohydrate Protein B6 & B12 vitamins Phosphate (P

Pulmonary tuberculosis is one of the oldest and most well- known human diseases which have been with man since ancient times. The incidence of TB has been increasing over the past decades. The aim of this study was Epidemiological investigation of pulmonary tuberculosis in Urmia during 2004-2007. The data for this deh1ive-analytic study was obtained from TB patients documented files diagnosed during 2004-2007. The data were analyzed using SPSS and WinPepi software. According to the findings of this study 248 Pulmonary TB patients (151 positive smears and 97 negative smears) were diagnosed during 2004-2007 (four-year incidence rate= 29.54 per 100000). 66.1% of the patients (164 persons) were males and 33.9% (84 persons) were females. The incidence rate of 6.55 in 2004 increased to 8.2 in 2007; this increase was not statistically significant however (Trend P.V=0.22). The results of the study indicate that incidence rate of positive smear TB was higher than that of negative smear TB and disease incidence rate increased in the four- year period.

This study aimed at determining the knowledge attitude and nutritional practice of female middle school students in district 4 of Isfahan. This deh1ive study was performed on 120 female students. The data were collected through a three-part self-reported questionnaire (Demographic factors knowledge BASNEF Model). To investigate the nutritional performance the participants were interviewed to recall their previous 24-hour nutrition for three days. The results indicated that 37.5% of students had poor nutritional knowledge and 90% of the students had a poor nutritional practice. The results of the BASNEF part indicated that mean of belief and evaluation of behavioral outcomes was 74.6 attitude toward the behavior was 64.64 normative belief was 72.8 subjective norms was 58.9 enabling factors was 54.2 and behavioral intention was 68.9. A low percentage of students had good nutritional practices and in majority of cases their nutritional practice does not accord with their nutritional knowledge and attitude. These results indicate the necessity of nutritional intervention in female students.

Achievement of professional standards in all medical disciplines including midwifery is fulfilled via the achievement of goals in clinical education. Considering the importance of clinical curriculum this study was conducted to identify midwifery tutors and students point of view regarding the efficacy of the curriculum for the students to achieve the basic learning objectives. This study was a deh1ive analytic research conducted in Shahroud University of Medical Sciences in 2008. Subjects of this study were 57 senior students and 9 tutors. The research instrument was a questionnaire consisting of 39 items covering basic clinical goals of three special courses namely "pregnancy" "delivery" and "obstetrics". Respondents replied to the items using a Likert-type scale ranging from "completely" to "not at all". Comparison of the two groups of this study showed that they rated differently the achievement of learning goals in midwifery curriculum. Means of scores rated by students in the three courses namely "pregnancy" "delivery" and "obstetrics" were 65.0±18.2 50.9±24.8 and 54.4±25.5 respectively with the total average of 58.7±20.6. The finding of this study indicated a significant difference between students and tutors point of view scores regarding the achievement of basic learning goals by students. Based on these findings it seems necessary to conduct extensive modifications in educational clinical setting such as more collaboration between clinical staffs and educational personals and students insuring patients acceptance to students more active participation in the process of treatment to make students feel more competent.

Apple cider vinegar is an antioxidant compound and it has many medical uses. In this research we have investigated effects of apple cider vinegar on some risk factors of atherosclerosis and on the development of atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic rabbit. Thirty two male New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into four groups: normal diet group high cholesterol diet group (%1cholesterol) %1 cholesterol with 5ml apple cider vinegar group and %1 cholesterol with 10ml apple cider vinegar group. The malondialdehyde (MDA) oxidized-LDL (oxLDL) fibrinogen factor VII apolipoprotein A (ApoA) and apolipoprotein B (ApoB) were measured before the experiment and at the end period (2month). At the end of study using Chekanov method fatty streak formation in aorta artery was determined in all groups. Using both doses of apple cider vinegar significantly decreased fibrinogen oxLDL MDA ApoB ApoB/ApoA VIIlevels in comparison with hypercholesterolemic diet (P0.05). Also consumption of apple cider vinegar induced significant decrease in atherosclerotic lesions in aorta artery compared to the hypercholesterolemic diet. This study suggests that apple cider vinegar (as an antioxidant) might have some protective effects on biochemical risk factors of atherosclerosis.

Rabies is an infectious central nervous system disease that infects all mammals and man. This study aimed at investigating the epidemiology of animal bites in Shahroud. In this deh1ive study all the data related to animal bite cases in shahroud in 2008-2009 were collected based on the data registration notebooks. A total of 588 cases of animal bite were reported in 2008-2009 the majority of whom (82.1%) were male. Of this total 35.7% were urban and 64.3% were rural. Just 2 of the cases were foreigners. The incidence rate of animal bite in the city was 159 (27%) compared to 429 cases (73%) in villages. Dogs and cats accounted for about 79.1% and 12.6% of the cases respectively. 12 cases were also wolf fox and Reynard bites. All cases have completed vaccination. In 82.3% of animal bites the biter was alive after 10 days and in 2% biters were dead and in 15.6% the biter reported invisible after 10 days. The incidence rate of animal bites in Shahroud was 246 in one hundred thousand. Animal bites are one of the most important problems of public health. Educational activities along with the promotion of out- organizing cooperation can play a significant role in controlling this problem.